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arXiv:cond-mat/0010375 · AIP conference proceedings

Collective enhancement and suppression in Bose-Einstein condensates

Wolfgang Ketterle

Published Jan 1, 2001• 4 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The coherent and collective nature of Bose-Einstein condensate can enhance or suppress physical processes. Bosonic stimulation enhances scattering in already occupied states which leads to atom amplification, and the suppression of dissipation leads to superfluidity. In this paper, we review several experiments where suppression and enhancement have been observed and discuss the common roots of and differences between these phenomena.

DOI
10.1063/1.1354359

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The coherent and collective nature of Bose-Einstein condensate can enhance or suppress physical processes. Bosonic stimulation enhances scattering in already occupied states which leads to atom amplification, and the suppression of dissipation leads to superfluidity. In this paper, we review several experiments where suppression and enhancement have been observed and discuss the common roots of and differences between these phenomena.
Impurity atoms propagating at variable velocities through a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate were produced using a stimulated Raman transition. The redistribution of momentum by collisions between the impurity atoms and the stationary condensate was observed in a time-of-flight analysis. The collisional cross section was dramatically reduced when the impurity velocity was reduced below the condensate speed of sound, in agreement with the Landau criterion for superfluidity. For large numbers of impurity atoms, we observed an enhancement of atomic collisions due to bosonic stimulation. This enhancement is analogous to optical super-radiance.
Abstract The tendency of identical bosons to bunch, seen in the Hanbury Brown–Twiss effect and Bose–Einstein condensation, is a hallmark of quantum statistics. This bunching can enhance the rates of fundamental processes such as atom–atom and atom–light scattering when atoms scatter into already occupied states. For non-interacting bosons, the enhancement of light scattering follows directly from the occupation of the atom’s final momentum state. Here we study scattering between off-resonant light and atoms in a quasi-homogeneous Bose gas with tunable interactions and show that even weak interactions, which essentially do not alter the momentum distribution, strongly affect atom–light scattering. Changes in local atomic correlations suppress the bosonic enhancement under weak repulsive interactions and increase the scattering rate under attractive ones. Moreover, if the interactions are rapidly tuned, light scattering reveals correlation dynamics that are orders of magnitude faster than the collisional dynamics of the momentum-space populations. Its extreme sensitivity to correlation effects makes off-resonant light scattering a powerful probe of many-body physics in ultracold atomic gases.
The formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate of a dilute atomic gas has been studied in situ with a nondestructive, time-resolved imaging technique. Sodium atoms were evaporatively cooled close to the onset of Bose-Einstein condensation and then suddenly quenched to below the transition temperature. The subsequent equilibration and condensate formation showed a slow onset distinctly different from simple relaxation. This behavior provided evidence for the process of bosonic stimulation, or coherent matter-wave amplification, crucial to the concept of an atom laser.