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arXiv:cond-mat/0003125 · Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Optimized phonon approach for the diagonalization of electron-phonon problems

Alexander Weiße, Holger Fehske, Gerhard Wellein, A. R. Bishop

Published Jul 1, 2000• 62 citations
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Abstract

We propose an optimized phonon approach for the numerical diagonalization of interacting electron-phonon systems combining density-matrix and Lanczos algorithms. We demonstrate the reliablity of this approach by calculating the phase diagram for bipolaron formation in the one-dimensional Holstein-Hubbard model, and the Luttinger parameters for the metallic phase of the half-filled one-dimensional Holstein model of spinless fermions.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.62.r747

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We propose an optimized phonon approach for the numerical diagonalization of interacting electron-phonon systems combining density-matrix and Lanczos algorithms. We demonstrate the reliablity of this approach by calculating the phase diagram for bipolaron formation in the one-dimensional Holstein-Hubbard model, and the Luttinger parameters for the metallic phase of the half-filled one-dimensional Holstein model of spinless fermions.
The one-electron spectral function of the one-dimensional spin-1∕21∕21∕2 Holstein model at half filling is computed by use of the cluster perturbation theory. The cluster Green's function is obtained by the Lanczos exact diagonalization method within an optimized phonon approach. It is shown that the method allows reliable calculations using a relatively small size cluster and a few optimal phonon bases for the system from weak to strong electron-phonon coupling. In the strong-coupling limit, the spectral function shows the excitation behavior of a bipolaron state with a large gap at the Fermi surface. However, the obtained spectral function displays a metallic character in the weak-coupling regime, which is in accord with the suggestion that the Peierls gap is suppressed by quantum fluctuation of the phonons.
As a generic model describing quasi-one-dimensional Mott and Peierls insulators, we investigate the Holstein-Hubbard model for half-filled bands using numerical techniques. Combining Lanczos diagonalization with Chebyshev moment expansion we calculate exactly the photoemission and inverse photoemission spectra, and use these to establish the phase diagram of the model. While polaronic features emerge only at strong electron-phonon couplings, pronounced phonon signatures, such as multiquanta band states, can be found in the Mott insulating regime as well. In order to corroborate the Mott to Peierls transition scenario, we determine the spin- and charge-excitation gaps by a finite-size scaling analysis based on density-matrix renormalization-group calculations.
Phase diagram of the Hubbard-Holstein model in the coexistence of electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions has been theoretically obtained with the density-matrix renormalization group method for one-dimensional systems, where an improved warm-up (the recursive sweep) procedure has enabled us to calculate various correlation functions. We have examined the cases of (i) the systems half-filled by electrons for the full parameter space spanned by the electron-electron and electron-phonon coupling constants and the phonon frequency, (ii) non-half-filled system, and (iii) trestle lattice. For (i), we have detected a region where both the charge and on-site pairing correlations decay with power laws in real space, which suggests a metallic behavior. While pairing correlations are not dominant in (i), we have found that they become dominant as the system is doped in (ii) or as the electronic band structure is modified (with a broken electron-hole symmetry) in (iii) in certain parameter regions.
We present a numerical study of the Hubbard-Holstein model in one dimension at half filling, including finite-frequency quantum phonons. At half filling, the effects of the electron-phonon and electron-electron interactions compete with the Holstein phonon coupling acting as an effective negative Hubbard on-site interaction U that promotes on-site electron pairs and a Peierls charge-density wave state. Most previous work on this model has assumed that only Peierls or Mott phases are possible at half filling. However, there has been speculation that a third metallic phase exists between the Peierls and Mott phases. We confirm the intermediate phase, and show that the Luttinger liquid correlation exponent K(rho) >1 in this region, indicating dominant superconducting pair correlations. We explore the full phase diagram as a function of Hubbard U, phonon coupling constant, and phonon frequency.
The Holstein Hubbard and Holstein t-J models are studied for a wide range of phonon frequencies, electron-electron, and electron-phonon interaction strengths on finite lattices with up to ten sites by means of direct Lanczos diagonalization. Previously the necessary truncation of the phononic Hilbert space caused serious limitations to either very small systems (four or even two sites) or to weak electron-phonon coupling, in particular in the adiabatic regime. Using parallel computers we were able to investigate the transition from ``large'' to ``small'' polarons in detail. By resolving the low-lying eigenstates of the Hamiltonian and by calculating the spectral function, we can identify a polaron band in the strong-coupling case, whose dispersion deviates from the free-particle dispersion at low and intermediate phonon frequencies. For two electrons (holes) we establish the existence of bipolaronic states and discuss the formation of a bipolaron band. For the two-dimensional Holstein t-J model, we demonstrate that the formation of hole polarons is favored by strong Coulomb correlations. Analyzing hole-hole correlation functions, we find that hole binding is enhanced as a dynamical effect of the electron-phonon interaction. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
We analyze the ground-state properties of strongly correlated electrons coupled with phonons by means of a generalized Gutzwiller wave function, which includes phononic degrees of freedom. We study in detail the paramagnetic half-filled Hubbard-Holstein model, where the electron-electron interaction can lead to a Mott transition and the electron-phonon coupling to a bipolaronic transition. We critically discuss the quality of the proposed wave function in describing the various transitions and crossovers that occur as a function of the parameters. Previous variational attempts are recovered as particular choices of the wave function, while keeping all the variational freedom allows to access regions of the phase diagram, otherwise inaccessible within previous variational approaches.