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QUANTUM MECHANICS Solved using only Newtonian Mechanics

Mourici Shachter

Published May 1, 2013• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this paper I solve classical quantum mechanics problems without using Schrodinger equation. Problems solved are: particle in a 1, 2, and 3 dimensional box, particle in a ring, Quantum harmonic oscillator, and hydrogen-like atoms. Solutions are very short, and rely on Newtonian Mechanics. This issue make easy to understand the mysteries of Quantum Theory

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In this paper I solve classical quantum mechanics problems without using Schrodinger equation. Problems solved are: particle in a 1, 2, and 3 dimensional box, particle in a ring, Quantum harmonic oscillator, and hydrogen-like atoms. Solutions are very short, and rely on Newtonian Mechanics. This issue make easy to understand the mysteries of Quantum Theory
In this chapter, the Schrödinger equation is “derived” for particles that can be described by de Broglie waves. The Schrödinger equation is very different from the corresponding equation of motion in classical mechanics. In order to illustrate the fundamental differences between the two theories, one of the simplest problems of particle dynamics is solved in both Newtonian and quantum mechanics. This simple example also helps to show that quantum mechanics is the fundamental theory and classical mechanics is an approximation, a remarkably good approximation, when considering macroscopic objects. The solution of the Schrödinger equation is presented for a particle inside a box and the quantization condition is derived. The amazing possibility of quantum tunneling when a particle is incident on a barrier of height larger than the energy of the incident particle is also discussed. Finally the three-dimensional Schrödinger equation is solved for the hydrogen atom.
Despite the fact that it has been known since the time of Heisenberg that quantum operators obey a quantum version of Newton's laws, students are often told that derivations of quantum mechanics must necessarily follow from the Hamiltonian or Lagrangian formulations of mechanics. Here, we first derive the existing Heisenberg equations of motion from Newton's laws and the uncertainty principle using only the equations F=dPdtF=\frac{dP}{dt}F=dtdP​, P=mdVdtP=m\frac{dV}{dt}P=mdtdV​, and [X,P]=i\left[X,P\right]=i[X,P]=i. Then, a new expression for the propagator is derived that makes a connection between time evolution in quantum mechanics and the motion of a classical particle under Newton's laws. The propagator is solved for three cases where an exact solution is possible 1) the free particle 2) the harmonic oscillator 3) a constant force, or linear potential in the standard interpretation. Such a picture may be useful for students as they make the transition from classical to quantum mechanics and help solidify the equivalence of the Hamiltonian, Lagrangian, and Newtonian formulations of physics in their minds.
Despite its successes, quantum mechanics (QM) has remained mysterious to all who have encountered it. Starting with Bohr and progressing into the present, the departure from intuitive, physical reality has widened. The connection between QM and reality is more than just a “philosophical” issue. It reveals that QM is not a correct or complete theory of the physical world and that inescapable internal inconsistencies and incongruities arise when attempts are made to treat it as physical as opposed to a purely mathematical “tool.” Some of these issues are discussed in a review by F. Laloe [Am. J. Phys. 69, 655 (2001)]. In an attempt to provide some physical insight into atomic problems and starting with the same essential physics as Bohr of e moving in the Coulombic field of the proton and the wave equation as modified by Schrodinger, a classical approach is explored that yields a remarkably accurate model and provides insight into physics on the atomic level. The proverbial view, deeply seated in the wave-particle duality notion, that there is no large-scale physical counterpart to the nature of the electron may not be correct. Physical laws and intuition may be restored when dealing with the wave equation and quantummechanical problems. Specifically, a theory of classical quantum mechanics (CQM) is derived from first principles that successfully applies physical laws on all scales. Rather than using the postulated Schrodinger boundary condition “Ψ → 0 as r → ∞,” which leads to a purely mathematical model of the electron, the constraint is based on experimental observation. Using Maxwell’s equations, the classical wave equation is solved with the constraint that the bound (n = 1)state electron cannot radiate energy. By further application of Maxwell’s equations to electromagnetic and gravitational fields at particle production, the Schwarzschild metric is derived from the classical wave equation, which modifies general relativity to include conservation of spacetime in addition to momentum and matter/energy. The result gives a natural relationship among Maxwell’s equations, special relativity, and general relativity. CQM holds over a scale of spacetime of 85 orders of magnitude — it correctly predicts the nature of the universe from the scale of the quarks to that of the cosmos. A review is given by G. Landvogt [Internat. J. Hydrogen Energy 28, 1155 (2003)].
What is quantum mechanics and what does it do ? In very general terms, the basic problem that both classical Newtonian mechanics and quantum mechanics seek to address can be stated very simply: if the state of a dynamic system is known initially and something is done to it, how will the state of the system change with time in response ? In this chapter, we will give a brief overview of, first, how Newtonian mechanics goes about solving the problem for systems in the macroscopic world and, then, how quantum mechanics does it for systems on the atomic and subatomic scale. We will see qualitatively what the differences and similarities of the two schemes are and what the domain of applicability of each is. Brief overview of classical mechanics To answer the question posed above systematically, we must first give a more rigorous formulation of the problem and introduce the special language and terminology (in double quotation marks) that will be used in subsequent discussions. For the macroscopic world, common sense tells us that, to begin with, we should identify the “system” that we are dealing with in terms of a set of “static properties” that do not change with time in the context of the problem. For example, the mass of an object might be a static property. The change in the “state” of the system is characterized by a set of “dynamic variables.