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End of an Era of Point Representations of "Elementary Particles"

D Victor

Published Aug 1, 2013• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Rooted in the 1920's years corpuscular-wave duality quantum theory still there remain irreconcilably-contradictory as to the interpretation of photon by the particle, how and micro-particle by the allegedly wave. So, are still convinced that the experimentally observed non-classical Compton effect (reduction in the frequency elec-tromagnetic waves when nonlinear scattering by particles) has only explanation Born's in terms corpuscular mecha-nism the elastic scattering the photons-particles on the electrons-particles. Inhesion same by all particles specific waves matter (waves de Broglie ), however, undermines their dotted-corpuscular interpretation. De-scribed here is purely wave mechanism the Compton effect completes this discord owing to detection electro-magnetic nature waves the Compton and de Broglie, which still hidden from us in the interference caustics different elasticity near the surface the microparticles. This explains the true cause of the wave manifestations in the behavior different microparticles.

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Rooted in the 1920's years corpuscular-wave duality quantum theory still there remain irreconcilably-contradictory as to the interpretation of photon by the particle, how and micro-particle by the allegedly wave. So, are still convinced that the experimentally observed non-classical Compton effect (reduction in the frequency elec-tromagnetic waves when nonlinear scattering by particles) has only explanation Born's in terms corpuscular mecha-nism the elastic scattering the photons-particles on the electrons-particles. Inhesion same by all particles specific waves matter (waves de Broglie ), however, undermines their dotted-corpuscular interpretation. De-scribed here is purely wave mechanism the Compton effect completes this discord owing to detection electro-magnetic nature waves the Compton and de Broglie, which still hidden from us in the interference caustics different elasticity near the surface the microparticles. This explains the true cause of the wave manifestations in the behavior different microparticles.
Abstract We have seen that it took about two decades to fully realize that light or, generally, electromagnetic radiation has both wave and particle properties. The final proof came with the discovery of the Compton effect (Episode 31). Even Compton himself needed years before he saw that the particle picture of radiation was unavoidable in view of the experimental evidence. Still in the year of Compton’s publications, Louis de Broglie [1] on purely theoretical grounds proposed that the particle–wave duality not only holds for radiation but also for material particles, i.e., for particles with a rest mass such as the electron.
The Compton effect is commonly cited as a demonstration of the particle feature of light, while the wave nature of matter has been proposed by de Broglie and demonstrated by Davisson and Germer with the Bragg diffraction of electron beams. In this investigation, we present an entirely different interpretation of the Compton effect based on the postulates of de Broglie and on an interaction between electromagnetic and matter waves. The speeds of interacting electrons in the Compton scattering are quite fast and its mechanism relies heavily on the mass variation. Thus, based on this wave interpretation, the Compton effect can be viewed as a further demonstration of the postulates of de Broglie for high-speed particles. In addition to the scattered wave, a direct radiation depending on the mass variation is predicted, which provides a means to test the wave interpretation.
Light quanta The history of the corpuscular and wave controversy in optical theory is well known. At the end of the last century physicists had no doubt as to the wave character of light, and the acceptance of the wave theory meant the rejection of the corpuscular theory. The possibility of both being correct and helpful to one another had not been much thought about and still less explored. At about this time Planck's quantum theory appeared and was soon followed in 1905 by Einstein's theory of ‘light quanta’ to explain the photo-electric effect, for which the wave theory alone had utterly failed to account. Einstein assumed that radiation exists in discrete ‘quanta’ of energy hν , where ν is the frequency; thus a quantum is a separate thing, like a corpuscle, and has a frequency associated with it, like a wave. There was a blend of the two older theories involved. This idea has been generalised by the speculations of Louis de Broglie, who pointed out the important clue given by the theory of relativity, namely, that of the identity of mass and energy, so that the conservation of mass is therefore also the conservation of energy. This suggested to him that all forms of energy (including radiation) should have an atomic structure, like matter; and that the atoms of energy are grouped round certain singular points, forming electrons, light quanta, and the like.
Through the work of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Louis de Broglie, Arthur Compton, Niels Bohr, and many others, current scientific theory holds that all particles also have a wave nature (and vice versa).[1] This phenomenon has been verified not only for elementary particles, but also for compound particles like atoms and even molecules. For macroscopic particles, because of their extremely short wavelengths, wave properties usually cannot be detected.[2] Wave–particle duality is an ongoing conundrum in modern physics. Most physicists accept wave-particle duality as the best explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena; however, it is not without controversy.
The long history of the dispute among physicists as to whether matter is composed of particles or waves is reviewed. A turning point came at the dawn of the 20th century in the form of the de Broglie momentum-wavelength and Bohr/Planck energy frequency relations. It was on this basis that Schrödinger developed a quantum mechanical differential equation whose solution came to be known as a wave function. The Born Interpretation of these functions holds that their absolute square constitutes a probability distribution which has been used successfully to make predictions of the properties of the system under discussion. It is pointed out that the phenomenon of light refraction played a key role in the development of both Newton’s corpuscular theory of light and the competing theory of Huygens which looks upon light as consisting exclusively of waves. It is shown that Newton’s failure to predict the decrease in the speed of light as it passes from air into water was not because of his belief in the particle composition of light, but rather because he not did anticipate that the mass of a photon changes upon entering a medium of higher index of refraction n. By assuming that the energy E of light is equal pc/n, where p is the momentum of the photons and c is the speed of light in free space, it is shown that the experimental dependence of the speed the light on its wavelength as it passes through a transparent medium is derived successfully through the use of Hamilton’s Canonical Equations and Newton’s Second Law of Kinetics. It is suggested that the relationship between particles and waves can be understood by noting that the localized properties of matter exhibit themselves in experiments such as the photoelectric effect where attention can be concentrated on the behavior of a single particle. The corresponding wave properties occur when large numbers of particles are observed under exactly similar circumstances, as for example in electron diffraction. ...........
Quantum field theory describes the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation using the "photon," but has never explained why a fundamental particle exhibits such perfect wave behavior. This paper provides a complete alternative explanation: the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and antibunching experiments — landmark experiments considered proof of photon particle nature — require no photon concept. Quantization is not a property of light itself, but of the discrete energy level structure governing how bound electrons emit and absorb energy. Light remains a continuous transverse wave; discreteness results from electrons as "prisoners" in atomic "cages" that can only transition between specific energy steps. Waves propagate continuously and are emitted and absorbed in quantized form — the photon is not a particle, but the name of an energy-exchange event.