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انجمن اپتیک و فوتونیک ایران

The Quantum Polarization of the Single-Mode Excited and Photon Depleted Entangled Even and Odd Squeezed States

elnaz dibakar, Amir Karimi, Mohammad Kazem Tavassoly

Published Mar 15, 2015• 0 citations
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Abstract

In this paper, using the Stokes parameters in classical optics and generalizing them to the Stokes operators in quantum optics, we study the quantum polarization of the “single-mode excited and photon depleted entangled even and odd squeezed states” for different photon numbers of excitation and depletion separately and at last, we compare our results.

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In this paper, using the Stokes parameters in classical optics and generalizing them to the Stokes operators in quantum optics, we study the quantum polarization of the “single-mode excited and photon depleted entangled even and odd squeezed states” for different photon numbers of excitation and depletion separately and at last, we compare our results.
Recently, two-mode entangled squeezed states have been produced using even and odd squeezed states. Based on such entangled states, we introduce two new classes of quantum states, namely single-mode excited (depleted) entangled squeezed states which are obtained via the iterated action of the creation (annihilation) operator on the first mode of the two-mode entangled squeezed states. In continuation, we study the amount of entanglement of the introduced states by calculating the 'concurrence' and 'linear entropy'. In addition, we investigate several nonclassicality features such as the sub-Poissonian statistics, second-order correlation function between the two modes and quadrature squeezing. Finally, in order to establish the physical realization of the introduced states, a theoretical scheme for their generation based on the interaction of a two-level atom with a quantized cavity field is proposed.
We examine whether the Stokes parameters of a two-mode electromagnetic field results from the superposition of the spins of the photons it contains. To this end we express any n-photon state as the result of the action on the vacuum of n creation operators generating photons which can have may different polarization states in general. We find that the macroscopic polarization holds as sum of the single-photon Stokes parameters only for the SU(2) orbits of photon-number states. The states that lack this property are entangled in every basis of independent field modes, so this is a class of entanglement beyond the reach of SU(2) transformations.
Stokes parameters are a standard tool in quantum optics. They involve averaged intensities at exits of polarizers. If the overall measured intensity fluctuates, as, e.g., for states with undefined photon numbers, the instances of its increased value contribute more to the parameters. One can introduce normalized quantum Stokes operators. Operationally, for a given single run of the experiment, their values are differences of measured intensities (or photon numbers) at the two exits of a polarizer divided by their sum. Effects of intensity fluctuations are removed. Switching to normalized Stokes operators results in more sensitive entanglement conditions. We also show a general method of deriving an entanglement indicator for optical fields which use polarization correlations, which starts with any two-qubit entanglement witness. This allows one to vastly expand the family of such indicators.
Abstract We present a new approach to Stokes parameters, which enables one to see better non-classical properties of bright quantum light, and of undefined overall photon numbers. The crucial difference is as follows. The standard quantum optical Stokes parameters are averages of differences of intensities of light registered at the two exits of polarization analyzers, and one gets their normalized version by dividing them by the average total intensity. The new ones are averages of the registered normalized Stokes parameters, for the duration of the experiment. That is, we redefine each Stokes observable as the difference of photon number operators at the two exits of a polarizing beam splitter multiplied by the inverse of their sum. The vacuum eigenvalue of the operator is defined a zero. We show that with such an approach one can obtain more sensitive entanglement indicators based on polarization measurements.
In this paper, based on the well-known one-mode and two-mode squeezed states, we introduce the two-mode and four-mode entangled squeezed states. Next, in order to generate the introduced entangled states, we present two theoretical schemes based on the resonant atom-field interaction. In the proposed schemes, a -type three-level atom interacts with the two-mode and four-mode quantized field in the presence of two strong classical fields in which two-photon atomic transitions are allowed. In the continuation, we study entanglement dynamics of the generated entangled states (using the von Neumann entropy) as well as the quantum polarization (using the Stokes operators). It is demonstrated that entanglement and polarization can be achieved for the produced states by adjusting the evolved parameters.
A brief review of theoretical studies of the quantum state of polarization of light exhibiting the level of fluctuations in at least one of the Stokes parameters which is below the quantum noise limit is presented. Two approaches to generation of polarization-squeezed state of light are analyzed in detail: by propagating coherent radiation in a cubic nonlinear medium and by mixing radiation of two orthogonally polarized quadrature-squeezed modes. The degree of polarization of light is discussed. Other areas of quantum polarization optics, in particular, entanglement of quantum Stokes parameters and quantum polarization tomography, are also discussed.