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Epr, Dual Slit and “back from the Future” Observations

Gene H. Barbee

Published May 1, 2015• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Observations regarding unexpected connections in quantum mechanically entangled systems are revealing a new understanding of our position in the universe. Experiments known by the initials EPR (Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen) show a statistical correlation between separated particle properties. If two particles are produced with opposite spins and move in different directions, it is observed that changes induced in one particle cause immediate changes in its partner. The classic “dual slit experiment” demonstrates that quantum photons can either produce a spot pattern or an interference pattern depending on whether an observer can “measure” which of two slits the photon travels through. More recently, a Discovery Magazine article by Zeeva Merali (Aug 26, 2010) indicates that an entangled particle responds to future changes in its partner (called “back from the future” observations by Jack Sarfatti of Cornell University). The author discusses the implications of taking this data at face value. Three FQXi contest essays [5][6][9]lead up to what I believe to be the explanation for EPR results and back from the future observations.

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Observations regarding unexpected connections in quantum mechanically entangled systems are revealing a new understanding of our position in the universe. Experiments known by the initials EPR (Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen) show a statistical correlation between separated particle properties. If two particles are produced with opposite spins and move in different directions, it is observed that changes induced in one particle cause immediate changes in its partner. The classic “dual slit experiment” demonstrates that quantum photons can either produce a spot pattern or an interference pattern depending on whether an observer can “measure” which of two slits the photon travels through. More recently, a Discovery Magazine article by Zeeva Merali (Aug 26, 2010) indicates that an entangled particle responds to future changes in its partner (called “back from the future” observations by Jack Sarfatti of Cornell University). The author discusses the implications of taking this data at face value. Three FQXi contest essays [5][6][9]lead up to what I believe to be the explanation for EPR results and back from the future observations.
It is shown that there is one purely deterministic outcome when measurement is made on the state function chosen by EPR to describe the combined two-particle system – the distance between the two particles is preserved the same. Further, it is shown that, surprisingly, the Ψ-function designed according to QM leads to the following paradox – despite the fact that the two particles move in opposite directions, in time the distance between them becomes shorter and shorter. As is known, Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) [1] observe two particles which have interacted in the past (for 0 Tt< <) but the interaction between them has ceased for times Tt>. Nevertheless, both particles, even at times Tt> EPR consider to be described by one common state-function, namely 1 2 ( ,)x xΨ. The authors have chosen to explore one particular form of that state-function, namely ( ) 1 2 01 2 (), i x x x pdpex x − −Ψ = ∫ =. (1) This function may be rewritten as ( ) 2 0 11 2 (), i ix x p x pdpe ex x − +Ψ = ∫ = = (2) and then 1 i x p e = can be considered as the orthonormal basis of an observable A pertaining to particle 1 (position of particle 1) while the exponents
Bohm’s variation of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen thought experiment may reveal the path a photon travels in Young’s experiment without causing the interference pattern to disappear. Unlike in Young’s original experiment, this hypothetical scenario involves entangled photons incident on a screen with two closely spaced narrow slits. To address the challenge of simultaneously observing both the wave and particle nature of light without violating Heisenberg’s position-momentum uncertainty principle, an apparatus that relies on the conservation of linear momentum and quantum entanglement is constructed to indirectly observe the path traveled by the entangled photons while preserving their quantum superposition. This thought experiment effectively uncovers the complex mystery surrounding the wave-particle duality inherent in quantum phenomena.
The EPR paradox appears when measurement results of some properties of two distantly entangled particles are correlated in a way that cannot be explained classically, and apparently violate locality. The resolution of the paradox depends on one’s interpretation of quantum mechanics. Explanations from quantum mechanics remain commonplace today, but they fail to explain the EPR (Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen) paradox totally in a way than can be accepted by the whole community. Here, we present a simple resolution to this paradox in which the uncertainty in the energy of the two-particle system is reduced by its lack of interaction during the journey so that the uncertainty in time becomes greater than the time they have been separating. Consequently, the present and past become indistinguishable because when we measure an observable in the system its value is the same as if the two particle were still together or very close. It is also argued that the destruction of information as the present and past become identical should release heat by Landauer’s principle, and this might make this proposal testable.
Bohm’s variation of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen thought experiment may be used to reveal the path a photon travels in Young’s experiment without destroying the observed interference pattern. Photons emitted by a light-source with zero spin are incident on a screen with two narrow slits separated by a small distance, with antiparallel polarized photonic spin filters placed in front of both slits. It follows that the slit through which an incident photon passed to form an interference pattern can be determined by performing an intermediate delayed choice measurement. This experimental probe is ideal for penetrating the shroud of mystery surrounding the wave-particle duality exhibited by quantum phenomena.
A critical reconsideration of the EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) paper shows that the EPR argument can be developed without using the concept of `element of physical reality', thus eliminating any philosophical element in the logical chains of the paper. Deprived of its philosophical ornament, the EPR argument plainly reduces to require what quantum mechanics can not do: to assign definite values to two incompatible physical quantities. Hidden variables theories built up according to Bell - type theorems are formulated on the basis of the assumption that the locality condition implies the statistical independence between two measurements space - like separated. This assumption is valid only with the additional one that statistical dependence between two measurements requires a causal connection between them. This additional assumption rules out the possibility that statistical dependence may due to an intrinsic property of the physical system under study. Therefore, hidden variables theories are built up with a restriction which leads them to be disproved by experiment. Quantum mechanical non - locality, invoked for describing EPR - type experiments, is strictly connected to the hypothesis (NDV hypothesis) according to which the twin photons of entangled pairs do not have a definite polarization before measurements. Both hypotheses are used only for describing EPR experiments and not for making predictions. Therefore, they can be dropped without reducing the predictive power of quantum mechanics concerning entangled photons pairs. Furthermore, both hypotheses can be experimentally tested by a modification of a standard experimental apparatus designed for studying entangled photons pairs.
Eugene Polzik's recent article on the ability of physicists to "entangle" large numbers of atoms for long periods of time (Physics World September pp33–37) illustrates how new technology has revolutionized quantum measurement and information. It is now possible, for example, to demonstrate experimentally key paradoxes of quantum mechanics. These include the famous Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox that if the position and momenta of two distant particles are correlated, then knowing the position or momentum of one particle immediately reveals the position and momentum of the other–without any physical measurement having to be made.