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Quantum information processing with atoms and ions

J. I. Cirac, P. Zoller

Published Jan 1, 2005• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We review some of the ideas that have been proposed to build quantum computers and quantum simulators using atoms interacting with laser light. We concentrate on two particular systems, namely neutral atoms loaded in optical lattices and trapped ions. We show some of the experimental achievements that have been realized so far, in particular in performing

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We review some of the ideas that have been proposed to build quantum computers and quantum simulators using atoms interacting with laser light. We concentrate on two particular systems, namely neutral atoms loaded in optical lattices and trapped ions. We show some of the experimental achievements that have been realized so far, in particular in performing
We review novel methods for the investigation, control and manipulation of neutral atoms in optical lattices. These setups allow unprecedented quantum control over large numbers of atoms and thus are very promising for applications in quantum information processing. After introducing optical lattices we discuss the superfluid (SF) and Mott insulating (MI) states of neutral atoms trapped in such lattices and investigate the SF-MI transition as observed experimentally recently. In the second part of the paper we give an overview of proposals for quantum information processing and show different ways to entangle the trapped atoms, in particular the usage of cold collisions and Rydberg atoms. Finally, we discuss briefly the implementation of quantum simulators, entanglement enhanced atom interferometers, and ideas for robust quantum memory in optical lattices.
We present a proposal for quantum information processing with neutral atoms trapped in optical lattices as qubits. Initialization and coherent control of single qubits can be achieved with standard laser cooling and spectroscopic techniques. We consider entangling two-qubit logic gates based on optically induced dipole-dipole interactions, calculating a figure-of-merit for various protocols. Massive parallelism intrinsic to the lattice geometry makes this an intriguing system for scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation.
Neutral atom quantum computing utilizes laser-trapped neutral atoms as qubits and realizes quantum logic gate operations through Rydberg-state interactions. In recent years, it has become one of the most vibrant directions in quantum computing hardware. This paper systematically reviews the working principles of neutral-atom quantum computers, including qubit encoding, atom trapping and manipulation, Rydberg states and interactions, the Rydberg blockade quantum gate mechanism, and atom rearrangement with reconfigurable architectures. The mainstream technical routes are surveyed, represented by optical tweezer arrays combined with Rydberg interactions, optical lattice schemes, and dipole trap arrays. A panoramic review is provided of domestic and international research progress from theoretical foundations in 2000 to the latest achievements in 2026, including thousand-qubit-scale systems, logical qubits, and quantum error correction experiments. Key breakthroughs are highlighted, such as the 6100-atom qubit array, continuous operation of a 3000-qubit system, quantum simulation of the Kitaev honeycomb model, toric code error correction demonstrations, encoding rates exceeding 1/2, and fault-tolerant architectures. The core bottlenecks are analyzed in depth, including the scalability--fidelity trade-off, engineering implementation of quantum error correction, atom loss and mid-circuit replenishment, laser system industrialization, control electronics scalability, and long-distance quantum interconnection. This paper aims to provide a systematic reference for academic research and technological development in this field.
Abstract Quantum computers have the potential to solve problems that are difficult or impossible to address using classical modes of computation. Laser cooled neutral atoms at ultracold temperatures offer unique possibilities to study interacting many-body quantum systems which is at the heart of various quantum condensed matter phenomena. The first-generation neutral atom quantum computers for performing special purpose quantum computations was realized by trapping ultracold atoms in optical lattices. These tunable and scalable machines provided tremendous opportunities to study various quantum phases of Bose and Fermi Hubbard models, topological phases, and non-equilibrium dynamics, with control over key system parameters enabling insightful explorations within specific quantum models. In a more recent advent, arrays of single neutral atoms trapped in optical tweezers have emerged as dark horse candidate for universal and fault tolerant quantum computing. Here, we review recent advances and achievements obtained with this platform and discuss future perspectives.