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Optical Magnetometer Incorporating Photonic Crystals

Igor K. Kulikov, Lucia Florescu

Published Oct 1, 2007• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

According to a proposal, photonic crystals would be used to greatly increase the sensitivities of optical magnetometers that are already regarded as ultrasensitive. The proposal applies, more specifically, to a state-of-the-art type of quantum coherent magnetometer that exploits the electromagnetically-induced-transparency (EIT) method for determining a small change in a magnetic field indirectly via measurement of the shift, induced by that change, in the hyperfine levels of resonant atoms exposed to the field.

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According to a proposal, photonic crystals would be used to greatly increase the sensitivities of optical magnetometers that are already regarded as ultrasensitive. The proposal applies, more specifically, to a state-of-the-art type of quantum coherent magnetometer that exploits the electromagnetically-induced-transparency (EIT) method for determining a small change in a magnetic field indirectly via measurement of the shift, induced by that change, in the hyperfine levels of resonant atoms exposed to the field.
We have investigated some possibilities to use effect of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT), which is based on quantum interference, for measuring magnetic fields. Multi-frequency laser light is driving atomic transitions (e.g. in a Λ-type excitation scheme), and the atoms are decaying into a super positional dark state, in which the population is trapped, if the frequencies of the applied light fulfills certain conditions. Then the atomic medium becomes transparent for the exciting electromagnetic fields. The observed line width of this "transparency window" is not limited by the natural line width of the involved optical transitions and can be decreased down to a few hundredths of Hertz. As a consequence, this narrow feature can be used as a sensitive probe if the frequencies fulfill the required conditions, which are dependent on the energy positions of the involved atomic levels. These energy positions are influenced by external magnetic fields, thus the observation of EIT can be used to determine external magnetic fields strengths. In our approach a so called Hanle-configuration is used, where only one laser frequency is used to simultaneously excite σ+- and σ--transitions within a single hyperfine transition of the Rb87 Dl-line. In this configuration a resonant Λ-system is formed at zero magnetic field. The detuning from two-photon resonance is caused by a magnetic field scanned in laser propagation direction. Any additional probe magnetic field characteristically changes the width and shape of the EIT transparency window resonance; hence the probe magnetic field can be determined directly from the shape of this resonance.
Optical magnetometers based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in atomic vapor can in principle achieve outstanding sensitivity and accuracy in a small volume. Up until now, however, the predicted fundamental quantum-noise-limited sensitivity has not been achieved in practice due to various technical limitations associated with the measurement apparatus. Here we analyze these restrictions and propose viable mitigation strategies for performance optimization. As an example, we show that an EIT magnetometer can theoretically achieve sensitivity better than 100 fT at 1 s measurement time under realistic conditions.
An optical magnetometer based on electromagnetically induced transparency is analyzed. Utilizing the different orientation characteristics for different field polarizations, the magnitude and orientation of an applied magnetic field can be measured. As a model system we consider the sodium D1{D}_{1}D1​ transition taking into account hyperfine structure and optical pumping effects.
We present an experimental module on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a Hanle configuration aimed to application for precise metrology. The EIT line width of the order of hundred hertz equivalent to nano-Tesla magnetic flux density has been achieved in rubidium atomic vapors with Ne buffer gases at room temperature. It can be interest for build of EIT based all-optical compact magnetometers, competitive to the most sensitive magnetometers based on superconducting quantum interference devices.