物理

评关洪著《一代神话—哥本哈根学派》

温奇亢

Published Jan 1, 2003• 0 citations

Abstract

量子力学是在物理学里最成功和最精巧的理论之一,它只在一段相当短的时间里就建立起来了.历史上有许多重要的物理学理论是由很少数的几个人创立的,而这些理论都没有引起任何重大的争论.几个著名的例子是由牛顿创立的力学,由麦克斯韦创立的电磁学理论,和由爱因斯坦创立的狭义相对论.量子力学就大不相同了.为了得出它的数学方程式和意义解释,需要科学世界里最优秀的一批头脑的联合努力.不像在物理上已经得到充分发展和理解的经典力学那样,量子力学仍然在发展之中,并且仍然是在实验上和理论上都进行着紧张研究的一个领域.除了像定域性和测量问题之类为时已久的争论以外,量子现象的一些新领域仍然要进行探索和理解,例如量子传态(quantum teleportation),量子计算,包括玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚在内的宏观量子系统,多粒子纠缠态等等,依然不断地提出一些新的数学方程式以及新的解释,例如包括用正算符取值测度(positive-operator valued measures)和最大对称算符(maximal symmetric operators)去描述观察量,消相干(decoherence)和超选择定则(superselection rules)等等.近年出版的大量这方面的数学和哲学的专著以及教科书,反映了人们对于量子力学的强烈兴趣.

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