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Acta Physica Polonica A

One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Ising Model in an External Magnetic Field

M. Błaszyk

Published Mar 1, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The relaxation process, through which the inequilibrium state described by the Ising model reaches the equilibrium state, was proposed.The process is defined by the action of the transition matrix on the vector of state and the demand of its normalisation.It is assumed that in the state of inequilibrium the vector of state has the same functional dependence as the eigenvector of the transition matrix corresponding to the highest eigenvalue.Two cases are considered: when the cell under transformation is composed of one or two sites.The calculations were performed for a uniform initial state.For the two cases of one and two-site cells the modes of reaching the equilibrium state via magnetisation were compared.When the external magnetic field and temperature tend to zero, both magnetisation and the correlation function of the nearest neighbours show the critical slowing down phenomenon.

DOI
10.12693/aphyspola.115.617

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The relaxation process, through which the inequilibrium state described by the Ising model reaches the equilibrium state, was proposed.The process is defined by the action of the transition matrix on the vector of state and the demand of its normalisation.It is assumed that in the state of inequilibrium the vector of state has the same functional dependence as the eigenvector of the transition matrix corresponding to the highest eigenvalue.Two cases are considered: when the cell under transformation is composed of one or two sites.The calculations were performed for a uniform initial state.For the two cases of one and two-site cells the modes of reaching the equilibrium state via magnetisation were compared.When the external magnetic field and temperature tend to zero, both magnetisation and the correlation function of the nearest neighbours show the critical slowing down phenomenon.
The Ising spin system is discussed in which the interaction of spins with heat bath causes the spontaneous flip of spins. It is assumed that the system is in thermal equilibrium up to some instant under a uniform and sufficiently small magnetic field and the magnetic field is switched off at that instant. The initial decay of magnetization in such a situation is studied. In the neighborhood of transition point, it is proved that a relaxation time associated with the initial decay is proportional to the susceptibility, and an exact proportionality constant is calculated for the two-dimensional square lattice with nearest-neighbor interaction.
A study of the two-dimensional Ising model on a rectangular lattice decorated with v-dimensional classical vector spins or Ising spins of magnitude s in an external field is presented. Exact expressions are obtained for the magnetisation and correlation functions, and the phase diagram is also determined exactly. It is shown that when there is no direct interaction between the spins of the host lattice there is a critical field h c , above which the system does not present long range order, and that this h c does not depend on v or s. The isothermal susceptibility related to the decorating spins is also obtained exactly, and it is shown that it diverges logarithmically at the transition temperature only for non-vanishing external field. A discussion is presented on the solution of equivalent models, and as a by-product it is shown how to map the model onto the two-dimensional eight-vertex model with temperature dependent parameters in an arbitrary staggered field.
We consider the dynamical off-equilibrium behavior of the three-dimensional O(N) vector model in the presence of a slowly varying time-dependent spatially uniform magnetic field H(t)=h(t)e, where e is an N-dimensional constant unit vector, h(t)=t/t(s), and t(s) is a time scale, at fixed temperature T≤T(c), where T(c) corresponds to the continuous order-disorder transition. The dynamic evolutions start from equilibrium configurations at h(i)<0, correspondingly t(i)<0, and end at time t(f)>0 with h(t(f))>0, or vice versa. We show that the magnetization displays an off-equilibrium scaling behavior close to the transition line H(t)=0. It arises from the interplay among the time t, the time scale t(s), and the finite size L. The scaling behavior can be parametrized in terms of the scaling variables t(s)(κ)/L and t/t(s)(κ(t)), where κ>0 and κ(t)>0 are appropriate universal exponents, which differ at the critical point and for T<T(c). In the latter case, κ and κ(t) also depend on the shape of the lattice and on the boundary conditions. We present numerical results for the Heisenberg (N=3) model under a purely relaxational dynamics. They confirm the predicted off-equilibrium scaling behaviors at and below T(c). We also discuss hysteresis phenomena in round-trip protocols for the time dependence of the external field. We define a scaling function for the hysteresis loop area of the magnetization that can be used to quantify how far the system is from equilibrium.
Within the universality class of ferromagnetic vector models with O( n ) symmetry and purely dissipative dynamics, we study the non-equilibrium critical relaxation from a magnetized initial state. Transverse correlation and response functions are exactly computed for Gaussian fluctuations and in the limit of infinite number n of components of the order parameter. We find that the fluctuation–dissipation ratios (FDRs) for longitudinal and transverse modes differ already at the Gaussian level. In these two exactly solvable cases we completely describe the crossover from the short-time to the long-time behaviour, corresponding to a disordered and a magnetized initial condition, respectively. The effects of non-Gaussian fluctuations on longitudinal and transverse quantities are calculated in the first order in the -expansion ( = 4− d ) and reliable three-dimensional estimates of the two FDRs are obtained.
Within the universality class of ferromagnetic vector models with O(n) symmetry and purely dissipative dynamics, we study the non-equilibrium critical relaxation from a magnetized initial state. Transverse correlation and response functions are exactly computed for Gaussian fluctuations and in the limit of infinite number n of components of the order parameter. We find that the fluctuation–dissipation ratios (FDRs) for longitudinal and transverse modes differ already at the Gaussian level. In these two exactly solvable cases we completely describe the crossover from the short-time to the long-time behaviour, corresponding to a disordered and a magnetized initial condition, respectively. The effects of non-Gaussian fluctuations on longitudinal and transverse quantities are calculated in the first order in the -expansion ( = 4−d) and reliable three-dimensional estimates of the two FDRs are obtained.
We study dynamic properties of the critical phenomena of the two-dimensional kinetic Ising model above and below the critical temperature Tc. In particular, we study the critical slowing-down (T > Tc) and the symmetry breaking (T ≪ Tc) through the temperature- and size-dependences of relaxation time of magnetization and we compare the dependences with those of static quantities such as the susceptibility. We find intrinsic dynamical critical behaviour on both sides of Tc with a critical region as wide as the one in the static critical behaviour. We also discuss the dynamic properties as an eigenvalue problem of the time-evolution operator (the Liouville operator) and thier scaling properties.