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Czechoslovak Journal of Physics

Quantum Nonlocality of Photon Pairs in Interference in a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

Pavel Trojek, Jan Peřina

Published Apr 1, 2003• 3 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1023/a:1023496511155

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In a Franson interferometer two-photon interference fringes occur despite the photons never encountering each other [1]. This phenomenon is a fundamental demonstration of the nonlocal nature of quantum mechanics. It serves also as a direct proof of frequency-time-entanglement. Furthermore, it can benefit not only from local, but also nonlocal dispersion cancellation techniques [2], which is a very useful property when working with spectrally broad photon pairs. More specifically, one has to distinguish between dispersion occuring before the individual Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs), which constitute the Franson interferometer, and within them. Analysis of influences up to second order has shown that no loss of contrast can be expected from dispersion before the Franson interferometer. Differential second-order dispersion inside the interferometer, however, can cause a reduction of contrast in the interferogram [3].
Indistinguishability in quantum mechanics is an essential concept to understanding mysterious quantum features such as self-interference of a single photon and two-photon nonlocal correlation. Delayed-choice experiments are for the cause-effect violation via post-measurements of photons in an interferometric system. Recently, a macroscopic version of the delayed-choice experiments has been demonstrated using the classical means of Poisson distributed photons in a noninterfering Mach-Zehnder interferometer (NMZI). Here, a coherence version of the nonlocal correlation is presented using the wave nature of photons in space-like separated orthogonally polarized NMZIs. For this, polarization-basis projections of the pair of NMZI output photons onto a set of polarizers are measured coincidently, where each output photon comprises orthogonal polarization bases. Because of the coherence feature of the output photons via coincidence detection, a phase sensitive nonlocal correlation is achieved. As a result, indistinguishability limited to a single or entangled photon pairs needs to be reconsidered with basis (polarization) randomness for the nonlocal correlation.
We report two-photon interferences on a silica-on-silicon chip of Mach-Zehnder interferometer using telecommunication-band correlated photon pairs. The photon pairs were generated by spontaneous four-waving mixing process in a dispersion-shifted fiber. The integrated chip, which was fabricated by standard silica-on-silicon planar lightwave circuit technology, contained a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a thermo-optic phase shifter. The insertion loss of the interferometer was less than 1 dB. We demonstrated two-photon interferences with both degenerate- and non-degenerate-frequency photon pairs on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer chip. A high fringe visibility was achieved in the interference with nondegenerate-frequency photons. Properties of quantum interference were demonstrated in the interference with degenerate-frequency photon pairs, which is an important way to manipulate the quantum state. These results show great potential of silica-on-silicon photonic chips in applications for the fiber-chip scheme in quantum networks.