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Dalat University Journal of Science

Surfactant layer thickness of ternary Bose-Einstein condensates

Nguyễn Văn Thụ, Tran Thi Cuc

Published Oct 26, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate the thickness of the surfactant layer in dilute ternary Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) using the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) theory within the linear approximation. In this system, components 1 and 2 form strongly segregated phases, while component 3 wets their interface and acts as a surfactant. We demonstrate that, in the three-phase coexistence regime, the surfactant layer thickness is determined by intrinsic atomic parameters: specifically, healing lengths and coupling constants. Furthermore, we identify the critical wetting line within the parameter space. In the prewetting phase, we find that the surfactant layer thickness scales linearly with the chemical potential ratio on a logarithmic scale.

DOI
10.37569/dalatuniversity.16.4s.1639(2026)

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We investigate the thickness of the surfactant layer in dilute ternary Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) using the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) theory within the linear approximation. In this system, components 1 and 2 form strongly segregated phases, while component 3 wets their interface and acts as a surfactant. We demonstrate that, in the three-phase coexistence regime, the surfactant layer thickness is determined by intrinsic atomic parameters: specifically, healing lengths and coupling constants. Furthermore, we identify the critical wetting line within the parameter space. In the prewetting phase, we find that the surfactant layer thickness scales linearly with the chemical potential ratio on a logarithmic scale.
By means of Gross-Pitaevskii theory we investigate the possibility of wetting phase transition in three-component Bose-Einstein condensates within the strong segregation between components 1 and 2. Third component plays the role of a surfactant, which can wet the interface formed by components 1 and 2. The case of symmetry of components 1 and 2, the equation for nucleation line and wetting phase diagram are studied. By linearizing the set of three-coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations, the wave functions of the components are found. An analytical approximation for the surfactant thickness in the prewetting phase is presented. The results indicate that the surfactant thickness in the prewtting phase varies linearly with the chemical potential ratio in the logarithmic scale.
We investigate the possibility of a critical wetting phase transition in a dilute ternary Bose-Einstein condensate using Gross-Pitaevskii theory within the framework of the double parabola approximation. By analytically determining the condensate wave functions, we derive the dependence of the surfactant layer thickness on the intrinsic atomic parameters. Our results reveal conditions under which a critical wetting transition may occur, highlighting a new aspect of interfacial phenomena in multicomponent quantum fluids.
We identify the adsorbed index as an experimentally accessible order parameter for the wetting phase transition in dilute ternary Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs). By tracking the nucleation and growth of a surfactant film of the third component at the interface between two immiscible condensates, we show that the adsorbed index exhibits a logarithmic divergence with the chemical-potential ratio in the prewetting phase. Numerical Gross–Pitaevskii calculations are consistent with analytical predictions from the double-parabola approximation, confirming the reliability of the approach. Unlike the conventional surfactant layer thickness, which becomes ill-defined near the nucleation point, the adsorbed index remains well defined throughout the entire prewetting-wetting regime and is directly proportional to the number of condensed atoms in the surfactant component, a quantity that is readily measurable in ultracold-atom experiments and tunable via Feshbach resonances. Our results offer a realistic opportunity to observe wetting transitions in multicomponent quantum gases.
Nucleation and wetting transitions are studied in a three-component Bose-Einstein condensate mixture within Gross-Pitaevskii theory. For special cases of intermediate segregation between components 1 and 2, the nucleation phase transition of a surfactant film of component 3 is obtained by exact solution. Additional exact results for the nucleation transition are derived in the limit of strong segregation between components 1 and 2. In this limit the exact first-order wetting phase boundary is obtained using analytical and numerical methods, and is contrasted with the exact nucleation and wetting phase boundary derived previously for a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate mixture at a hard optical wall. Exact results for the three-component mixture are compared with results from the double-parabola approximation used in an earlier work.
In previous work within Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) theory for ultracold gases, wetting phase transitions were predicted for a phase-segregated two-component Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) adsorbed at an optical wall. The wetting phase diagram was found to depend on intrinsic atomic parameters, being the masses and the scattering lengths, and on the extrinsic wall boundary condition. Here we study wetting transitions in GP theory without an optical wall in a setting with three phase-segregated BEC components instead of two. The boundary condition is removed by replacing the wall with the third component and treating the three phases on an equal footing. This leads to an unequivocal wetting phase diagram that depends only on intrinsic atomic parameters. It features first-order and critical wetting transitions, and prewetting phenomena. The phase boundaries are computed by numerical solution of the GP equations. In addition, useful analytic results are obtained by extending the established double-parabola approximation to three components.