This record contains a short preliminary note (TeX source and PDF), Python code and its output, on the question posed in Section 11 of H. Monterde, H. Pal and S. Kirkland, "Laplacian quantum walks on blow-up graphs" (Linear Algebra Appl., 2025, doi:10.1016/j.laa.2025.10.001; numbering of arXiv:2504.11585v1): whether their Theorem 10 (Laplacian perfect state transfer after adding a matching inside the copies of a vertex in the blow-up of n copies of a graph, n divisible by 4) holds for the adjacency matrix. The same question is Problem 10 in H. Monterde's PhD thesis "Quantum pure state transfer" (University of Manitoba, 2025). For matchings whose edges join twin vertices of the blow-up and even n, the note proves that adjacency perfect state transfer between the ends a, b of an added edge forces the matching to cover every neighbour of a, and gives parity conditions on the uncovered vertices. Consequently a nonempty matching inside the copies of a single non-isolated vertex never gives adjacency perfect state transfer, for every graph and every even n. These results, and exact computations on small graphs supporting a conjecture that all sets of copies must be perfectly matched (finite computations only), are the parts claimed as new; a literature search in October 2026 found no earlier treatment of them, which does not establish that none exists. When every set of copies carries a perfect matching (a lexicographic product G[(n/2)K_2]), the note shows that for n divisible by 4 adjacency perfect state transfer between the ends of an added edge occurs if and only if the adjacency eigenvalue support of the vertex is integral, at time pi/2. This is not claimed as new: since G[(n/2)K_2] is isomorphic to Z[K_2], where Z is the blow-up of n/2 copies of G, it follows in a few lines from Proposition 6.3 of A. S. Árnadóttir and K. Guo (arXiv:2608.20476), and its sufficiency for integral graphs is a special case of a lemma of Ge, Greenberg, Perez and Tamon (arXiv:1009.1340). The criterion used for perfect state transfer between adjacent twins is a special case of a theorem of Kirkland, Monterde and Plosker (arXiv:2201.02720). When the matching lies inside the sets of copies, the graphs are edge-perturbed blow-ups in the sense of Monterde and Pal (arXiv:2505.07982v5, Section 9); their Theorem 20 concerns states orthogonal to the all-ones vector of a set of copies and does not cover vertex states. This is a personal hobby/independent research record in which AI was used for exploration, drafting proof candidates, checking and writing; it has not been peer-reviewed by human experts.
This record contains a short preliminary note (TeX source and PDF), Python code and its output, on the question posed in Section 11 of H. Monterde, H. Pal and S. Kirkland, "Laplacian quantum walks on blow-up graphs" (Linear Algebra Appl., 2025, doi:10.1016/j.laa.2025.10.001; numbering of arXiv:2504.11585v1): whether their Theorem 10 (Laplacian perfect state transfer after adding a matching inside the copies of a vertex in the blow-up of n copies of a graph, n divisible by 4) holds for the adjacency matrix. The same question is Problem 10 in H. Monterde's PhD thesis "Quantum pure state transfer" (University of Manitoba, 2025). For matchings whose edges join twin vertices of the blow-up and even n, the note proves that adjacency perfect state transfer between the ends a, b of an added edge forces the matching to cover every neighbour of a, and gives parity conditions on the uncovered vertices. Consequently a nonempty matching inside the copies of a single non-isolated vertex never gives adjacency perfect state transfer, for every graph and every even n. These results, and exact computations on small graphs supporting a conjecture that all sets of copies must be perfectly matched (finite computations only), are the parts claimed as new; a literature search in October 2026 found no earlier treatment of them, which does not establish that none exists. When every set of copies carries a perfect matching (a lexicographic product G[(n/2)K_2]), the note shows that for n divisible by 4 adjacency perfect state transfer between the ends of an added edge occurs if and only if the adjacency eigenvalue support of the vertex is integral, at time pi/2. This is not claimed as new: since G[(n/2)K_2] is isomorphic to Z[K_2], where Z is the blow-up of n/2 copies of G, it follows in a few lines from Proposition 6.3 of A. S. Árnadóttir and K. Guo (arXiv:2608.20476), and its sufficiency for integral graphs is a special case of a lemma of Ge, Greenberg, Perez and Tamon (arXiv:1009.1340). The criterion used for perfect state transfer between adjacent twins is a special case of a theorem of Kirkland, Monterde and Plosker (arXiv:2201.02720). When the matching lies inside the sets of copies, the graphs are edge-perturbed blow-ups in the sense of Monterde and Pal (arXiv:2505.07982v5, Section 9); their Theorem 20 concerns states orthogonal to the all-ones vector of a set of copies and does not cover vertex states. This is a personal hobby/independent research record in which AI was used for exploration, drafting proof candidates, checking and writing; it has not been peer-reviewed by human experts.
This paper is a sequel to the work of Bhattacharjya et al. (2024) [2] on quantum state transfer on blow-up graphs, where instead of the adjacency matrix, we take the Laplacian matrix as the time-independent Hamiltonian associated with a blow-up graph. We characterize Laplacian strong cospectrality, periodicity, perfect state transfer (LPST) and pretty good state transfer (LPGST) on blow-up graphs. We present several constructions of blow-up graphs with LPST and produce new infinite families of regular graphs where each vertex is involved in LPST. We also determine LPST and LPGST in blow-ups of classes of trees. Finally, if n ≡ 0 (mod 4), then the blow-up of n copies of a graph has no LPST, but we show that under certain conditions, the addition of an appropriate matching to this blow-up graph results in LPST.
Abstract A blow-up of n copies of a graph G is the graph obtained by replacing every vertex of G by an independent set of size n, where the copies of two vertices in G are adjacent in the blow-up if and only if they are adjacent in G. In this work, we characterize strong cospectrality, periodicity, perfect state transfer (PST) and pretty good state transfer (PGST) in blow-up graphs. We prove that if a blow-up admits PST or PGST, then n = 2. In particular, if G has an invertible adjacency matrix, then each vertex in a blow of two copies of G pairs up with a unique vertex to exhibit strong cospectrality. Under mild conditions, we show that periodicity (resp., almost periodicity) of a vertex in G guarantees PST (resp. PGST) between the two copies of the vertex in the blow-up. This allows us to construct new families of graphs with PST from graphs that do not admit PST. We also characterize PST and PGST in the blow-ups of complete graphs, paths, cycles and cones. Finally, while trees in general do not admit PST, we provide infinite families of stars and subdivided stars whose blow-ups admit PST.
Let G be a graph and let t be a positive real number. Then the evolution of the continuous quantum walk defined on G is described by the transition matrix U(t)=exp(itH).The matrix H is called Hamiltonian. So far the most studied quantum walks are the ones whose Hamiltonians are the adjacency matrices of the underlying graphs and initial states are vertex states e_a, with e_a being the characteristic vector of vertex a. \n \nThis thesis focuses on Laplacian edge state transfer, that is, the quantum walks whose initial states are edge states e_a-e_b and Hamiltonians are the Laplacians of the underlying graphs. So far the research about perfect state transfer only involves vertex states and Laplacian edge state transfer has not been studied before. We extend the known results of perfect vertex state transfer and periodicity of vertex states to Laplacian edge state transfer. \n \nWe prove two useful closure properties for perfect Laplacian edge state transfer. One is that complementation preserves perfect edge state transfer. The other is that if G has perfect Laplacian edge state transfer at time τ and H has perfect Laplacian vertex state transfer also at time τ, then with some mild assumption on the pairs of vertex states and edge states that have perfect state transfer, the Cartesian product G □ H also admits perfect edge state transfer. Those two properties provide us new ways to construct graphs with perfect Laplacian edge state transfer. We also observe one phenomenon that happens in Laplacian edge state transfer which never happens in vertex state transfer: if there is perfect state transfer from e_a-e_b to e_α-e_β and also from e_b-e_c to e_β-e_γ at the same time t in G, then G admits perfect state transfer from e_a-e_c to e_α-e_γ at time t. \n \nWe give characterizations of perfect Laplacian edge state transfer in cycles, paths and complete bipartite graphs K_{2,4n}. We study perfect state transfer and periodicity on edge states with special spectral features. We also consider the case when the unsigned Laplacian is Hamiltonian and initial states are plus states of the form e_a+e_b. In this case, we characterize perfect state transfer in paths, cycles and bipartite graphs. \nWe close this thesis by a list of open questions.
Draft note (v0.1.3). We give a connected simple (unweighted) graph on 12 vertices in which the continuous-time quantum walk exp(itA) has perfect state transfer from the pair state e_1 - e_11 to the plus state e_0 + e_2 at time pi/sqrt(2), with a proof that can be checked by hand, and an infinite family obtained by Cartesian products with powers of the path P3. This concerns the question of Monterde and Pal (arXiv:2505.07982v5, Section 10). The product step is a known construction (Godsil, Kirkland and Monterde, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 46 (2025) 2093-2115, Corollary 48 and Example 50 in arXiv:2502.08103v4; see also Monterde and Pal, Section 9, and Kirkland, Monterde and Plosker, arXiv:2609.10713, equation (4.1)); we did not find an example of perfect state transfer from a pair state to a plus state in these papers, and no claim of priority is made. Exhaustive computer searches, with numerical tests at stated tolerances, found no example on at most 10 vertices (adjacency and signless Laplacian matrices); these are finite computations, not proofs. Code and outputs are included. Versions 0.1.2 and 0.1.3 correct attribution and citations only. This is a personal hobby/independent research record in which AI was used for exploration, drafting proof candidates, checking and writing; it has not been peer-reviewed by human experts.
Let X be a graph, A its adjacency matrix, and t a non-negative real number. The matrix exp(i t A) determines the evolution in time of a certain quantum system defined on the graph. It represents a continuous-time quantum walk in X. We say that X admits perfect state transfer from a vertex u to a vertex v if there is a time t such that \n| exp(i t A)_(u,v) | = 1. \n \nThe main problem we study in this thesis is that of determining which simple graphs admit perfect state transfer. For some classes of graphs the problem is solved. For example, a path on n vertices admits perfect state transfer if and only if n=2 or n=3. However, the general problem of determining all graphs that admit perfect state transfer is substantially hard. \n \nIn this thesis, we focus on some special cases. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a distance-regular graph to admit perfect state transfer. In particular, we provide a detailed account of which distance-regular graphs of diameter three do so. \n \nA graph is said to be spectrally extremal if the number of distinct eigenvalues is equal to the diameter plus one. Distance-regular graphs are examples of such graphs. We study perfect state transfer in spectrally extremal graphs and explore rich connections to the topic of orthogonal polynomials. We characterize perfect state transfer in such graphs. \n \nWe also provide a general framework in which perfect state transfer in graph products can be studied. We use this to determine when direct products and double covers of graphs admit perfect state transfer. As a consequence, we provide many new examples of simple graphs admitting perfect state transfer. We also provide some advances in the understanding of perfect state transfer in Cayley graphs for the groups (Z_2)^d and Z_n. \n \nFinally, we consider the problem of determining which trees admit perfect state transfer. We show more generally that, except for the path on two vertices, if a connected bipartite graph contains a unique perfect matching, then it cannot admit perfect state transfer. We also consider this problem in the context of another model of quantum walks determined by the matrix exp(i t L), where L is the Laplacian matrix of the graph. In particular, we show that no tree on an odd number of vertices admits perfect state transfer according to this model.
Coutinho, Guo and Schmeits (arXiv:2505.11986v4) introduced peak state transfer for continuous quantum walks and remarked in Section 7 that, for adjacency-based dynamics, their computations suggest that there may be infinitely many trees that support peak state transfer. This note gives an elementary positive construction for that remark within unweighted trees; the source itself already gives an infinite family of edge-weighted trees (the weighted paths X_n of its Theorem 6.2) with adjacency peak state transfer, so the novelty claimed here, if any, is restricted to unweighted trees. Every star has adjacency peak state transfer between its centre and a leaf. The trees T(k,m), obtained by attaching k >= 2 copies of the star K_{1,m} to a common root through their centres, form an infinite family of pairwise non-isomorphic non-star trees with adjacency peak state transfer from the root. For vertices in different branches of T(k,m), peak state transfer occurs exactly when sqrt((k+m)/m) = p/q is rational in lowest terms and p, q satisfy an explicit parity or congruence condition; this yields infinitely many trees with adjacency peak state transfer at distance 3 and at distance 4. All peak times are determined. Finite numerical observations (not used in the proofs) and verification code are included. The remark in the source is an observation rather than a formal open problem, and this note makes no claim about stronger questions the source authors may have intended. Trees of the same root-hub-leaf shape were used before for the Laplacian analogue (Open Problem 7.1 of the source): in the-omega-institute/trureturing (issue #14801, pull request #14855, merged on 10 October 2026, Lean 4 formalisation; commit 71980b170a), in the author's own earlier record Zenodo 23216901 (DOI 10.5281/zenodo.23216901, 10 October 2026), and, for the ten-vertex member T(3,2), in Figure 10 of the source. Those results concern the Laplacian; the present note concerns the adjacency matrix and does not use them. The recent arXiv:2610.20855 (Awuah and Guo) reports experiments on perfect and peak state transfer on IBM quantum hardware; its full text contains no infinite family of trees, and its family X_n is the weighted path family of Section 6.3 of the source. Versions 0.1.4 and 0.1.5 change attribution and notation in the prior-work section only. Disclosure: This is a record of personal, independent (hobby) research in which AI was used for exploration, drafting of proof candidates, verification computations and writing. The claims were checked only by an internal AI reviewer; the work has not been reviewed by human experts. Files: main.pdf, main.tex, code.zip (folder code/: Python verification scripts and outputs; unchanged since v0.1.2), README.md, CHANGELOG.md.