Exercising microscopic control over quantum systems is a central theme in modern physics. Neutral-atom quantum simulators leverage this control to explore quantum many-body phenomena by realizing paradigmatic Hamiltonians, such as the Hubbard model, in isolated systems. Advances in single-atom-resolved manipulation and detection have allowed measurements of microscopic correlations in strongly interacting quantum systems. Quantum gas microscopes have successfully approached this from the top down, starting from bulk quantum gases, while optical tweezers offer a complementary bottom-up route based on controlled few-particle systems. Combining these approaches opens a pathway towards assembling many-body systems atom by atom, enabling deterministic control over the initial quantum state. This thesis presents the development of a compact quantum gas microscope for programmable ensembles of fermionic lithium-6. The apparatus integrates laser cooling, magnetic field control, quantum-gas preparation, optical tweezers, projected potentials, and high-resolution imaging around a high-numerical-aperture microscope objective. Evaporative cooling in a crossed optical dipole trap produces degenerate two-component Fermi gases and molecular Bose--Einstein condensates, providing the quantum-degenerate reservoir for subsequent experiments. We demonstrate uniform loading of degenerate fermionic ensembles into programmable two-dimensional tweezer arrays, overcoming reservoir-size limitations by translating the tweezer array across the reservoir. Leveraging fermionic statistics and the resolved motional spectrum, we prepare a singlet pair in the three-dimensional motional ground state of each tweezer trap. Across an 8x8 array, this yields an average single-particle preparation fidelity of 98.47%. We develop a novel approach combining the deterministic preparation with spin- and site-resolved control via global magnetic field gradients and locally projected repulsive potentials to produce arbitrary product state configurations in parallel across all sites. In this way, we achieve programmable assembly of spin--charge product states of up to 128 atoms, with fast experimental cycle times of 3 seconds. Furthermore, we realize a new scheme for simultaneous spin-, site-, and density-resolved imaging of individual lithium-6 atoms. Encoding the spin information in the fluorescence polarization, we resolve the two spin components within a single 20 microsecond exposure, achieving detection fidelities exceeding 98.5%. These capabilities establish a fast route to preparing low-entropy fermionic product states with microscopic control over their initial spin, charge, and motional configuration. Coupling such states through optical lattices or tunnel-coupled tweezers provides a route for initializing far-from-equilibrium many-body systems, with applications to strongly correlated physics, quantum transport and thermalization, and fermionic quantum information processing.
Exercising microscopic control over quantum systems is a central theme in modern physics. Neutral-atom quantum simulators leverage this control to explore quantum many-body phenomena by realizing paradigmatic Hamiltonians, such as the Hubbard model, in isolated systems. Advances in single-atom-resolved manipulation and detection have allowed measurements of microscopic correlations in strongly interacting quantum systems. Quantum gas microscopes have successfully approached this from the top down, starting from bulk quantum gases, while optical tweezers offer a complementary bottom-up route based on controlled few-particle systems. Combining these approaches opens a pathway towards assembling many-body systems atom by atom, enabling deterministic control over the initial quantum state. This thesis presents the development of a compact quantum gas microscope for programmable ensembles of fermionic lithium-6. The apparatus integrates laser cooling, magnetic field control, quantum-gas preparation, optical tweezers, projected potentials, and high-resolution imaging around a high-numerical-aperture microscope objective. Evaporative cooling in a crossed optical dipole trap produces degenerate two-component Fermi gases and molecular Bose--Einstein condensates, providing the quantum-degenerate reservoir for subsequent experiments. We demonstrate uniform loading of degenerate fermionic ensembles into programmable two-dimensional tweezer arrays, overcoming reservoir-size limitations by translating the tweezer array across the reservoir. Leveraging fermionic statistics and the resolved motional spectrum, we prepare a singlet pair in the three-dimensional motional ground state of each tweezer trap. Across an 8x8 array, this yields an average single-particle preparation fidelity of 98.47%. We develop a novel approach combining the deterministic preparation with spin- and site-resolved control via global magnetic field gradients and locally projected repulsive potentials to produce arbitrary product state configurations in parallel across all sites. In this way, we achieve programmable assembly of spin--charge product states of up to 128 atoms, with fast experimental cycle times of 3 seconds. Furthermore, we realize a new scheme for simultaneous spin-, site-, and density-resolved imaging of individual lithium-6 atoms. Encoding the spin information in the fluorescence polarization, we resolve the two spin components within a single 20 microsecond exposure, achieving detection fidelities exceeding 98.5%. These capabilities establish a fast route to preparing low-entropy fermionic product states with microscopic control over their initial spin, charge, and motional configuration. Coupling such states through optical lattices or tunnel-coupled tweezers provides a route for initializing far-from-equilibrium many-body systems, with applications to strongly correlated physics, quantum transport and thermalization, and fermionic quantum information processing.
We demonstrate deterministic preparation of arbitrary two-component product states of fermionic 6Li atoms in an 8$\times$8 optical tweezer array, achieving motional ground-state fidelities above 98.5%. Leveraging the large differential magnetic moments for spin-resolution, with parallelized site- and number-resolved control, our approach addresses key challenges for low-entropy quantum state engineering. Combined with high-fidelity spin-, site-, and density-resolved readout within a single 20μs exposure, and 3s experimental cycles, these advances establish a fast, scalable, and programmable architecture for fermionic quantum simulation.
This thesis describes the methods used to achieve single-atom and single-site resolved fluorescence imaging of a quantum gas of fermionic atoms held in an optical lattice. This kind of quantum gas microscopy has been previously applied to bosonic atoms in two experiments, and has allowed for extensive studies of many-body quantum systems. Here we detail methods to extend the techniques of quantum gas microscopy to fermionic species of atoms, opening the door to quantum simulation of electronic models of condensed matter physics. We prepare quantum degenerate gases of fermionic 40K through sympathetic cooling with a gas of \Rb. The gas prepared is trapped less than 1 mm away from a thin vacuum window, an experimental geometry which permits interrogation with a large Numerical Aperture microscope objective. The cloud is loaded into a 527 nm-period cubic optical lattice, ideal for quantum simulation of many-body models of fermionic particles such as the Hubbard model. The optical lattice is designed to allow for potential depths up to V/kB = 250 microKelvin, sufficient to strongly confine 40K atoms into individual lattice sites. EIT cooling --- a technique previously demonstrated in ion-trapping experiments --- is used to cool the fermionic atoms deeply towards the ground motional state of the lattice wells. We collect the photons scattered during continuous application of EIT cooling, while atoms are kept pinned in the lattice for many seconds. We strongly suppress all other sources of light with the use of a modulated cooling scheme and a spinning chopper wheel. Collecting the scattered light produced during 2 s of EIT cooling allows us to resolve single atoms in a fluorescence image. We demonstrate that the high resolution of our imaging apparatus also permits atom positions to be precisely identified on the length scale of the optical lattice. Thus we demonstrate the realisation of a quantum gas microscope for fermionic atoms, allowing for precise investigation of the ground states and dynamics of correlated quantum states of fermionic particles.
We realize a quantum-gas microscope for fermionic ^{40}K atoms trapped in an optical lattice, which allows one to probe strongly correlated fermions at the single-atom level. We combine 3D Raman sideband cooling with high-resolution optics to simultaneously cool and image individual atoms with single-lattice-site resolution at a detection fidelity above 95%. The imaging process leaves the atoms predominantly in the 3D motional ground state of their respective lattice sites, inviting the implementation of a Maxwell's demon to assemble low-entropy many-body states. Single-site-resolved imaging of fermions enables the direct observation of magnetic order, time-resolved measurements of the spread of particle correlations, and the detection of many-fermion entanglement.
We prepare high-filling two-component arrays of tens of fermionic ^{6}Li atoms in optical tweezers, with the atoms in the ground motional state of each tweezer. Using a stroboscopic technique, we configure the arrays in various two-dimensional geometries with negligible Floquet heating. A full spin- and density-resolved readout of individual sites allows us to postselect near-zero entropy initial states for fermionic quantum simulation. We prepare a correlated state in a two-by-two tunnel-coupled Hubbard plaquette, demonstrating all the building blocks for realizing a programmable fermionic quantum simulator.
Optical tweezer arrays of neutral atoms have emerged as a versatile and powerful platform for quantum simulation and quantum information processing. In this thesis, I present the realization of an experimental platform for quantum simulation based on individually trapped strontium atoms in optical tweezer arrays. The experiment combines precise laser cooling, optical control, and high-resolution imaging to enable the manipulation and high fidelity detection of single atoms. I developed and optimized a two-stage three-dimensional magneto-optical trap (3D-MOT) that produces cold and dense samples of strontium atoms from a thermal beam. In the f irst stage, atoms are captured and precooled using the dipole-allowed 1S0 → 1P1 transition at 461nm (which has a linewidth of !=2ω ↑ 32MHz). The second stage employs the 1S0 → 3P1 narrow intercombination transition at 689nm (with a linewidth of !=2ω ↑7.5kHz) to further cool and compress the atomic cloud. By optimizing the trapping parameters, I achieved clouds with temperatures around 5μK and densities above 1010cm→3, providing ideal initial conditions for e!cient loading into optical tweezers. A 3↑3 array of 360μK deep optical tweezers is generated by spatially modulating an 813.4nm laser beam using two crossed acousto-optic deflectors. The deflected beams are relayed and focused into the science chamber using a high–numericalaperture objective, which simultaneously serves as the collection optics for atomic f luorescence. The fluorescence light emitted by the atoms is imaged onto a scientific qCMOS camera, enabling site-resolved detection of individual atoms. I implemented and optimized the in-trap cooling dynamics to prevent atom loss during imaging and to minimize residual thermal motion. In addition, by precisely tuning lightassisted collisions, multiple atoms occupancies are removed from the traps and a single-atom regime is reached in the array, with a filling fraction of about 50%. I have demonstrated a single-atom detection fidelity of 99,986(1)% and a survival probability of 97(2)% between subsequent image acquisition, comparable to other current state-of-the-art experiments. To characterize the platform, I carried out release-and-recapture experiments, from which it is possible to measure a temperature for the individually trapped atoms of 12.95(5)μK. These results demonstrate the successful implementation of a robust and high-fidelity platform for optical trapping and imaging of single strontium atoms. The apparatus provides the foundation for future quantum simulation experiments with alkalineearth atoms excited to the Rydberg state, o"ering precise control over individual particles and the ability to scale towards larger, programmable atomic arrays.
Imagine a new generation of computers that dramatically surpasses the most powerful supercomputers, being able to tackle the most challenging of computational problems. These problems arise, for example, in quantum physics where the computational power required to model a many-particle system increases exponentially with the number of its constituents, and as a consequence the calculations become prohibitively time-consuming. Nobel laureate Richard Feynman proposed this new type of computer in the early 1980s: ‘Let the computer itself be built of quantum mechanical elements which obey quantum mechanical laws.’ Such a quantum simulator would allow researchers to tackle challenging problems in condensed-matter physics. In particular many-body fermionic quantum systems are very difficult to compute due to the antisymmetric nature of the wave function, and the resulting sign problem for quantum Monte Carlo methods. This is why a quantum simulator will be an excellent test bed to investigate phenomena and properties of strongly correlated fermionic quantum systems. A powerful experimental platform to realize a quantum simulator is laser-cooled atoms [1] held in an artificial crystal of light, generated by superimposing laser beams. The atoms are kept in this optical lattice similar to marbles in the hollows of an egg carton, and they can mimic the behaviour of electrons in a real crystal. These systems interface atomic physics with condensed matter physics in a new way, as the tools of atomic physics allow for exquisite control of many experimental parameters, which are often inaccessible in solid state experiments. In-situ imaging techniques [2] using ‘quantum-gas microscopes’ constitute a new approach to the study of many-body quantum systems in an optical lattice with unprecedented resolution at the single-particle and single-site level [3,4]. This new method is complementary to earlier optical lattice experiments measuring distributions in momentum space after a time-of-flight expansion. A quantum-gas microscope uses an optical imaging system (Fig. 1a) for collecting the fluorescence light of ultracold atoms in an optical lattice with high spatial resolution comparable to the lattice spacing of ≈ 500 nm. (a) Atoms in optical lattice atoms are imaged with a high-resolution microscope objective [4]. (b) Single-site addressing is achieved by focussing a laser beam through the microscope onto selected atoms, bringing them into resonance with microwave radiation which produces spin flips [12]. (c) and (d) Single-atom-resolved fluorescence images of bosonic Mottinsulators [4,9]. (e) Deterministically prepared atom distribution using single-site addressing [12]. (f) Direct observation of single-atom quantum walks [15]. Fluorescence imaging of atoms in a quantum-gas microscope has made it possible to directly observe bosonic Mott insulators with single-atom resolution [4–6], giving access to in-situ measurements of temperature and entropy distributions. Subsequently, ground-breaking experiments in many-body quantum dynamics have been performed, such as the first direct observation of correlation spreading after quenches of the system to lower lattice depths [7]. Other experiments include the quantum simulation of an antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 chain [8], the realization of algorithmic cooling [9], the direct measurement of correlations across the superfluid-to-Mott-insulator transition [10], or the observation of the ‘Higgs’ amplitude mode [11]. The high-resolution imaging system is also capable of optically addressing individual atoms with sub-diffraction-limited resolution. For this purpose, a laser beam is focussed though the microscope objective onto selected lattice sites, bringing the atoms into resonance with microwave radiation which produces spin flips [12,13]. The preparation of arbitrary atom distributions in the lattice not only opens perspectives for neutral-atom quantum information processing, but also allows the deterministic creation of specific out-of-equilibrium situations, and their ensuing system dynamics can be studied with single-atom resolution. Examples include the creation of spin impurities and the study of their dynamics in a many-body system [14], the observation of quantum walks [15] and magnon-bound states [16], and the measurement of entanglement entropy [17]. The technique used for single-site-resolved detection of individual atoms in the optical lattice is fluorescence imaging. It requires laser cooling of the atoms to sub-Doppler temperatures while detecting the fluorescence photons emitted during this process. A challenge is to achieve a low particle loss rate and to prevent the atoms from hopping between lattice sites. In the case of the first quantum-gas microscopes, this has been implemented with bosonic rubidium-87 atoms, and also recently for ytterbium-174. However, it has proven more challenging for fermionic alkaline species such as potassium-40 and lithium-6, as their low mass and small excited state hyperfine splitting-prevented standard sub-Doppler cooling from working. As a result, it took several years to extend the quantum-gas microscope technique to fermionic species, and in 2015 several groups have demonstrated single-atom-resolved imaging of fermions [18]. In these setups, the direct observation of band insulators [19], fermionic Mott insulators [20,21] and even antiferromagnetic correlations [22] has been reported most recently. These developments provide fascinating opportunities to study many-body fermionic quantum systems with single-particle access. The fermionic nature of the electron is vital to understanding a range of phenomena within solid-state physics, such as electron pairing in superconductivity, and quantum magnetism. In this context, the quantum simulator will allow, e.g. for direct measurement of ordered quantum phases and out-of-equilibrium dynamics, with access to quantities such as spin--spin correlation functions and the growth of many-body entanglement. The high-resolution imaging systems could also be used to project tailored time-varying light fields onto the atoms, allowing the removal of high-entropy regions by locally modifying the confining potential to attain very low-entropy states. Attaining these low-entropy many-particle states is one of the key challenges in our field. In summary, quantum-gas microscopes offer unprecedented access to many-body quantum systems, and they will allow us to gain an even deeper insight into the intriguing world of quantum physics that governs the properties of strongly correlated materials. Using a well-controlled quantum system to simulate other quantum systems could help resolve some of the most challenging problems scientists face in condensed matter physics and materials science, but it will also provide new insights in quantum chemistry, high-energy physics and biology. SK acknowledges funding from the EU (ERC FERMILATT, SIQS, QuProCs) and SUPA.