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Physical Review Applied

Low-noise millisecond-scale active stabilization of unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometers for generation and verification of photonic time-bin entangled states

Siavash Qodratipour, Thomas Häffner, Oliver Benson

Published Oct 9, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1103/ftlp-j83g

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Active and Passive Interferometric Fringe Stabilization for Quantum Communications in Space

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Bulletin of the American Physical Society•Jun 9, 2015•0 citations
uctuations in the air. If time-bin encoded photons are received from a moving space platform, e.g., a satellite or the International Space Station, there would be an additional large relative temporal shift because of the movement of the source toward or away from the receiver. This shift would alter the temporal coherence of adjacent timebins-as measured by a suitable temporally-unbalanced interferometer-in addition to the relative phase errors from the environment. To achieve accurate measurements in this situation, the interferometer needs to be stabilized against phase drifts. We have employed an active and passive stabilization scheme for a double unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer conguration; while passive damping reduces most of the phase drift due to vibrations and
We describe an experimental implementation to generate and measure high-dimensional time-bin-entangled qudits. Two-photon time-bin entanglement is generated via spontaneous four-wave mixing in single-mode fiber. Unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometers transform selected time bins to polarization entanglement, allowing standard polarization-projective measurements to be used for complete quantum state tomographic reconstruction. Here we generate maximally entangled qubits (d=2)(d=2)(d=2), qutrits (d=3)(d=3)(d=3), and ququarts (d=4)(d=4)(d=4), as well as other phase-modulated nonmaximally entangled qubits and qutrits. We reconstruct and verify all generated states using maximum-likelihood estimation tomography.
The Franson interferometer consists of two spatially separated unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometers through which the signal and the idler photons from spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) are made to transmit. It is often used to prepare time-bin entanglement of two photons in the two SPDC pumping regimes: the narrowband regime and the double-pulse regime. In the narrowband regime, the SPDC process is pumped by a narrowband cw laser with the coherence length much longer than the path length difference of the Franson interferometer. In the double-pulse regime, the longitudinal separation between the pulse pair is made equal to the path length difference of the Franson interferometer. In this paper, we propose another regime by which the generation of time-bin entanglement is possible and demonstrate the scheme experimentally.