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Lecture notes in networks and systems

Hybrid Cryptographic Approach for File Encryption: Integrating Post-Quantum and Classical Methods

Allansius E. Pala, D. Vinodha, E. A. Mary Anita, Maria Lapina

Published Aug 2, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-032-27834-0_40

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The fast development of cyber communications, multimedia distribution, remote working have promoted the demand to transmit sensitive information through secure means in both the public and the private networks. The advent of massive quantum computers is rendering traditional cryptographic algorithms like RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) insecure because they can crack the classical public-key algorithms like the Shor and Grover algorithms. This brings an immediate need of hybrid cryptographic systems, which integrate classical, quantum, and post-quantum algorithms to provide confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and future security beyond the quantum threat horizon.The paper is a proposal of a Hybrid Quantum-Post-Quantum Cryptographic Framework of transmitting files safely. It starts by aggregating files, which is a process to compress several files, images, videos, and multimedia files that users have chosen into one file to minimize redundancy and ease encryption. The AES-256 encrypted file is in GCM mode and provides confidentiality and integrity of the compressed file.The dual-layer mechanism ensures key establishment security. To begin with, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) based on the protocols of BB84/E91 allows the Sender and the Receiver to generate a Quantum Secret Key (QSK) by exchanging quantum bits in quantum channel. Constant monitoring of the error rate facilitates automatic eavesdropping detection, and guarantees the keys generation is made when the conditions are secure, as well as the safeguarding of interception and man-in-the-middle attacks.A post-quantum layer is provided to ensure long-term security against quantum cryptanalysis, which uses Kyber, a NIST-approved lattice-based Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM). The Receiver creates a key pair of Kyber and disseminates the public key to the Sender. By using encapsulation, the Sender gets a PQC ciphertext and a Shared Secret (SS), with decapsulation on the Receiver side giving ensure that only participants of good faith get the same secret value.The hybridization phase consists of combining the QSK of QKD and SS of Kyber with the help of HKDF-SHA256 to obtain a Final Wrap Key (FWK). AES-GCM encrypts the key of file encryption by wrapping it with FWK which allows a secure and authenticated transfer of the key. The Sender sends four messages: encrypted file, Kyber ciphertext, wrapped AES key and the initialisation vector. At Receiver end, FWK is calculated once again with the help of QSK and SS so that the original data can be decrypted with the help of AES key.The suggested framework provides a defense-in-depth solution based on the combination of quantum security, post-quantum resilience and authenticated symmetric encryption. It can be analyzed that there is a strong resistance to classical and quantum adversaries, scalability, and compatibility with the existing communication networks. This renders the model to be appropriate to secure government communication, military systems, data exchange in healthcare environments, cloud storage and financial infrastructures. Keywords— Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), Kyber,Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM), HKDF-SHA256, Quantum Secret Key (QSK), GCM Mode.
With quantum computing nearing cryptographically relevant capabilities, classical file transfer systems face significant vulnerabilities, necessitating quantum-resistant solutions. This paper presents a hybrid architecture for secure file transfer, integrating a simulated BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol with adaptive encryption to achieve post-quantum security. The system intelligently selects one-time pad (OTP) cryptography for files up to 1MB, ensuring perfect secrecy, and AES-256-GCM for larger files, balancing efficiency and integrity, both using quantum-derived keys. Implemented in a TCP-based client-server framework, it employs a quantum key management module to maintain a pool of secure keys, with real-time error detection for eavesdropping. Experimental evaluation demonstrates robust key generation (error rate < 1% without eavesdropping, ~ 15% with interception), reliable encryption, and efficient transfers on standard hardware, eliminating the need for specialized quantum devices. This scalable, software-based solution advances quantum-enhanced protection for distributed file-sharing environments, addressing the urgent demand for practical post-quantum security.