The study guide addresses issues of quantum computing and quantum cryptography. The first part of the guide considers the fundamental principles of quantum computing. The security of modern information systems and technologies is based on the strength of the cryptographic transformations they employ for cryptographic information processing. Using Shor’s and Grover’s quantum algorithms, certain mathematical problems can be solved with even polynomial complexity. The ideas of utilizing the capabilities of the quantum environment were proposed by Paul and Feynman. It is important not only to build a quantum computer itself, but also to consider the technical characteristics that such a computer will possess. The content of the study guide corresponds to Specialty 125 — Cybersecurity and may be used by undergraduate and graduate students, as well as PhD students, of all departments of the Educational and Scientific Institute of Information Protection of the State University of Information and Communication Technologies, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, as well as students of related specialties at other higher education institutions of Ukraine.
The study guide addresses issues of quantum computing and quantum cryptography. The first part of the guide considers the fundamental principles of quantum computing. The security of modern information systems and technologies is based on the strength of the cryptographic transformations they employ for cryptographic information processing. Using Shor’s and Grover’s quantum algorithms, certain mathematical problems can be solved with even polynomial complexity. The ideas of utilizing the capabilities of the quantum environment were proposed by Paul and Feynman. It is important not only to build a quantum computer itself, but also to consider the technical characteristics that such a computer will possess. The content of the study guide corresponds to Specialty 125 — Cybersecurity and may be used by undergraduate and graduate students, as well as PhD students, of all departments of the Educational and Scientific Institute of Information Protection of the State University of Information and Communication Technologies, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, as well as students of related specialties at other higher education institutions of Ukraine.
This book arises from the need to provide a clear and up-to-date overview of the impacts of quantum computing on cryptography. The goal is to provide a reference in Portuguese for undergraduate, master's, and doctoral students in the field of data security and cryptography. Throughout the chapters, we present fundamentals, we discuss classical and post-quantum algorithms, evaluate emerging patterns, and point out real-world implementation challenges. The initial objective is to serve as a guide for students, researchers, and professionals who need to understand not only the mathematics involved, but also its practical implications in security systems and policies. For more advanced professionals, the main objective is to present content and ideas so that they can assess the changes and perspectives in the era of quantum cryptographic algorithms. To that end, the text's structure was designed to be progressive: we begin with essential concepts, move on to quantum algorithms and their consequences (with emphasis on Shor's algorithm), present issues focusing on "families" of post-quantum schemes (based on lattices, codes, hash functions, multivariate, isogenies), analyze the state of the art in standardization (highlighting the NIST process), and finally, discuss migration, interoperability, performance, and cryptographic governance. We hope that this work will assist in the formation of critical thinking and informed technical decision-making, fostering secure transition strategies for the post-quantum era.
Cryptography has long been an essential tool in safeguarding digital communication and securing sensitive information. As technology has progressed, so has the complexity of the methods used to protect our data. In the wake of quantum computing's rise, traditional cryptographic systems face serious challenges, demanding a new understanding of how quantum algorithms could both undermine and enhance security. Chapter 1 deals with the Basics of Cryptography lays the groundwork by introducing classical cryptography, tracing its evolution from ancient ciphers to modern cryptosystems. In Chapter 2, readers are introduced to Quantum Algorithms, the principles of quantum mechanics relevant to computing, including qubits, superposition, and entanglement. The Chapter 3 focuses on Shor’s algorithm, a landmark quantum algorithm that threatens the security of widely used public-key cryptosystems like RSA and ECC. In Chapter 4 Grover’s Algorithm is examined in the context of brute-force attacks on symmetric key cryptography. Chapter 5 focusing on Simon’s Algorithm and its role in breaking cryptographic primitives through structure exploitation. In Chapter 6 a broader discussion about Cryptographic Implications of Quantum Computing is given on how quantum computing affects modern cryptographic systems. Finally, in Chapter 7, the future of cryptography in the quantum era is discussed.
Quantum-resistant cryptography develops cryptographic protocols and algorithms that can withstand attacks from quantum computers. Quantum computers can solve certain mathematical problems much faster than classical computers, making current encryption techniques like RSA and ECC vulnerable to quantum algorithms such as Shor's algorithm. To address this, quantum-resistant cryptography focuses on creating new algorithms based on mathematical problems that are difficult for quantum computers to solve efficiently. Examples include lattice-based, code-based, hash-based, and multivariate polynomial cryptography. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is leading efforts to standardize these algorithms to ensure they are compatible with various systems and applications. While these quantum-resistant algorithms offer protection, they may involve higher computational complexity and larger key sizes compared to traditional methods, posing implementation challenges that ongoing research aims to address.
Abstract Quantum computing exploits superposition and entanglement to process information in an exponentially large state space, enabling algorithms such as Shor’s to factor large integers efficiently and thereby undermining RSA and elliptic curve cryptography. Quantum cryptography, here encompassing post quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms and quantum key distribution (QKD), is a leading candidate for protecting data against quantum capable adversaries. PQC designs classical schemes conjectured to be secure against both quantum and classical attacks, whereas QKD uses quantum mechanics to detect eavesdropping and establish information theoretically secure keys. Existing literature and limitations. Recent surveys summarise PQC families and the standardisation process led by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and reviews outline QKD protocols and their challenges. However, most prior work either addresses narrow subtopics or does not systematically synthesise empirical evidence across technical and application domains. As a result, there is still limited integrated understanding of key issues, technologies, mathematical foun dations, algorithms, programming tools and real world deployments. Objective and contributions of this review. This study systematically analyses 61 peer reviewed journal articles published within the last five years that focus on quantum cryptography. Using Covidence to manage study identification, selection, quality assessment, data extraction and narrative synthesis, it (a) characterises current issues and challenges; (b) surveys recent technological advancements and implementations; (c) evaluates algorithmic approaches and their effectiveness; (d) examines the underlying mathematical models; (e) maps the programming languages and tools used to implement quantum schemes; and (f) synthesises evidence on practical applications and future research directions. The review integrates findings on PQC and QKD, highlights gaps in the current evidence base, and offers practitioners, scholars and policymakers guidance for developing quantum secure communication systems. Keywords Quantum cryptography, Post quantum cryptography, Quantum key distribution, Systematic literature review, Quantum secure communication
Quantum Computing: Principles, Algorithms, Technologies and Applications provides a comprehensive introduction to the rapidly developing field of quantum computing. The book explains the fundamental principles of quantum information and connects quantum theory with algorithms, hardware, programming, security, and real-world applications. Beginning with the fundamentals of qubits, superposition, measurement, interference, and entanglement, the book gradually introduces the mathematical concepts required to understand quantum computation. It covers quantum gates and circuits, major quantum algorithms such as Grover’s algorithm, Quantum Fourier Transform, Quantum Phase Estimation, and Shor’s algorithm, along with their computational significance. The book also explores modern quantum computing technologies, including superconducting qubits, trapped ions, photonic systems, neutral atoms, semiconductor spin qubits, and quantum annealing. Readers are introduced to quantum programming and software concepts, quantum simulators, circuit compilation, hybrid quantum-classical computing, and practical quantum development workflows. A dedicated discussion of quantum error correction, fault-tolerant computing, quantum cryptography, quantum key distribution, and post-quantum cryptography explains how quantum technologies influence cybersecurity and secure communication. The book further examines applications of quantum computing in optimization, artificial intelligence, chemistry, drug discovery, finance, materials science, and other emerging areas. Designed for students, researchers, educators, engineers, and technology enthusiasts, this book provides a structured foundation for understanding both the theoretical principles and practical technologies of quantum computing. It also discusses current challenges, scalability, quantum advantage, and future directions toward fault-tolerant and large-scale quantum computing.
Quantum cryptography aims at solving the everlasting problem of unconditional security in private communication. Every time we send personal information over a telecom channel a sophisticate algorithm protect our privacy making our data unintelligible to unauthorized receivers. These protocols resulted from the long history of cryptography. The security of modern cryptographic systems is guaranteed by complexity: the computational power that would be needed for gaining info on the code key largely exceed available one. Security of actual crypto systems is not “by principle” but “practical”. On the contrary, quantum technology promises to make possible to realize provably secure protocols. Quantum cryptology exploits paradigmatic aspects of quantum mechanics, like superposition principle and uncertainty relations. In this contribution, after a brief historical introduction, we aim at giving a survey on the physical principles underlying the quantum approach to cryptography. Then, we analyze a possible continuous variable protocol.