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Quantum Information Processing

Quantum games and economics through teleportation

Kazuki Ikeda

Published Oct 3, 2026• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Quantum Information Science and Technology (QIST) is reshaping computing and communication, with wide-ranging implications for economics, from market structures to strategic decision-making. Building on these breakthroughs, this paper bridges quantum concepts and economics through Quantum Energy Teleportation (QET)—a protocol enabling energy transfer as a quantum commodity among multiple agents. By incorporating superposition, entanglement, and measurement into classical economic models, we derive new game-theoretic strategies and equilibria unreachable in purely classical frameworks. We delve into monopoly, location games, contestable markets, perfect competition, and duopoly, introducing quantum variations of traditional Bertrand and Cournot models. Moreover, we address moral hazard, free-riding, and other public-goods challenges through a quantum lens, unveiling unconventional strategies that transcend classical limits. Building on these insights, we incorporate entangled resources into matching theory, opening up entirely new possibilities for achieving stable and optimal allocations. These findings foreshadow a nascent field of Quantum Information Economics . JEL Codes: C79, D82, D86, E26, L11, P28

DOI
10.1007/s11128-026-05341-8

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Quantum teleportation is a fundamental protocol enabling the transfer of quantum states between remote nodes without physical transmission. As the Quantum Internet evolves, optimizing quantum teleportation becomes crucial due to entanglement degradation, resource constraints, and network efficiency. This paper proposes a game-theoretic framework for managing quantum teleportation by modeling quantum nodes as rational agents competing or cooperating to maximize teleportation fidelity and entanglement utility. We introduce cooperative and non-cooperative game models, analyze Nash equilibrium strategies for teleportation efficiency, and propose a Shapley-value-based entanglement allocation for fair resource distribution. Our system model incorporates graph-theoretic representations of quantum networks, utility functions, and incentive mechanisms to encourage efficient teleportation strategies. A Qiskit-based simulation evaluates teleportation fidelity and resource efficiency, comparing game-theoretic strategies with classical resource allocation methods. Our findings demonstrate that game-theoretic approaches significantly enhance teleportation efficiency, entanglement utilization, and robustness in a dynamic Quantum Internet environment.
Game theory is a well established field with applications in many areas including the social sciences, biology, and computer science [6]. Recently, however, researchers in quantum computation have begun to study the implications of games set in the quantum domain (i.e. game theoretical situations where either one or more players have quantum computational power or where the implementation of strategies uses some form of quantum information). Such a setting allows for entanglement and superpositions of strategies and evaluation of payoffs using quantum measurement. This approach to game theory, according to some scholars in the field, could help us understand certain physical systems, improve economic markets, and develop quantum algorithms. I have conducted an investigation into quantum game theory. I have constructed simulation tools using Maple that, along with research into related work, have helped gain some insight into this new field. The important solutions in classical game theory are usually Nash equilibria. What do they look like in the quantum realm? In what
Quantum game theory (QGT) extends traditional game theory by using quantum mechanics to create new models for strategic decision-making. Traditional game theory provides effective tools for analyzing rational human interaction; yet it suffers from three main restrictions because it cannot properly handle uncertain situations, contradictory behavior, and complex relationships among agents. QGT addresses these challenges through its implementation of quantum phenomena, which enable strategic options that go beyond traditional mixed strategies. The extended system introduces fresh equilibrium solutions that allow easier resolution of standard problems. The chapter presents an organized structure to display QGT, which shows its value for strategic decision-making systems. The chapter shows fundamental concepts that link classical theories with quantum theories through its demonstration of how quantum strategies have developed from their original state to their present form, which expands traditional game models. The research investigates optimization methods, cybersecurity measures, economic systems, and artificial intelligence applications. The study identifies implementation obstacles and future research needs. The advanced QGT decision-making systems provide outstanding solutions that allow intelligent systems to interact with their environments and solve complex environmental problems.
This article explores the interdisciplinary interface between quantum computing and economic theory, with a particular emphasis on how foundational concepts from quantum mechanics reshape core methodological and epistemological assumptions in economics. Drawing on a comprehensive bibliographic methodology, the study synthesizes contributions from quantum physics, computational theory, and economic modeling to trace the impact of quantum logic -especially principles such as superposition, entanglement, and measurement irreversibility- on both theoretical constructs and applied frameworks. Particular attention is given to emblematic algorithms (e.g., Shor’s and Grover’s) as case studies for illustrating computational discontinuities in fields such as cryptographic trust, portfolio optimization, and decision-making under uncertainty. The article also surveys recent developments in quantum machine learning and quantum-inspired models relevant to economic forecasting and adaptive policy design. Ethical and distributional concerns are critically addressed, especially in relation to the asymmetric global access to quantum resources. By mapping this emerging field through a structured review of cross-disciplinary literature, the paper offers a conceptual framework for understanding how quantum technologies may influence future research in financial economics, risk theory, and the modeling of complex systems operating under deep informational constraints.
Quantum economics is an interdisciplinary field that combines the principles of quantum mechanics and economic theories. The research examines the main theoretical and practical aspects of quantum economics, starting with its theoretical foundations based on the principles of quantum mechanics, such as superposition, uncertainty and entanglement, and ending with practical applications and perspectives for further research. Special attention was paid to the potential impact of quantum technologies on finance, marketing, supply chain management, as well as on macroeconomic planning and policy. It discusses how quantum algorithms can transform traditional approaches in economic research and practice, providing new methods for analyzing complex data, improving forecasting of economic trends, and optimizing decisions under uncertainty. Quantum economics opens up new perspectives for understanding dynamic and interconnected processes in the global economy, which can fundamentally change our perception of economic laws and strategies. It is emphasized that the quantum economy is at the initial stage of its development, and scientists and practitioners face many challenges and questions that need to be solved. In the future, we can expect the development of new tools for economic analysis and decisionmaking based on quantum computing, which will allow us to cope with current and future economic challenges more effectively. The quantum economy can also offer new approaches to risk management and financial security, especially in light of growing cyber threats and the need to protect economic information. Quantum economics is an exciting and promising direction that can significantly enrich both theoretical and applied aspects of economic science.
Abstract In the current context, where the productivity paradox coexists with growing concerns about inequality, quantum economics and quantum game theory are emerging as novel frameworks to address inherent uncertainty and complex strategic interactions. Quantum game theory applies the principles of quantum mechanics to model strategic interactions, providing new insights into decision-making, optimization and conflict resolution. In this article, we conduct a systematic review following the PRISMA methodology and a bibliometric analysis of the literature on quantum game theory to assess its development, methodologies and applications. We examine the growing interest in quantum technologies such as quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum simulation, which have had a significant impact on both theoretical models and practical economic and social systems. By mapping trends in the quantum game theory research landscape, this article aims to identify key advances, highlight important milestones and propose future directions for research in this emerging field. This comprehensive mapping not only elucidates the dynamic evolution and interdisciplinary convergence of quantum and evolutionary game theory, but also establishes a foundation for future research, fostering innovative approaches to complex decision-making in increasingly uncertain and interconnected environments.