Through in early fifties Watson (a biologist) and crick (a physicist) published their (Nature, 1953) and proposing double helix model for the DNA structure but unwinding of the two strands remained a problem and is still unsolved. The major criticism against the double helix proposition is that the two chains will have to unwound in order to expose the bases, whose ordered sequences gives the genetic information, so that replication may occur and a new complementary strand may from. Now our submission is to take up the problem with quantum approach and we refer to the two faces of DNA structure, both of which are equally satisfactory pictures and we might guess that they should equal energies. But there should be certain amplitude that all the electrons can flip from one condition to the other shifting the position of the unfiled position to the opposite end. There are nevertheless, the usual two stationary states. |1> and | 2> which may be the sum of and difference combination of two base states 1> and 2>. The rate of flipping and therefore |A> should be sensitive to the complete structure of the molecule, then by changing A the energy might be splitting and hence frequency getting changed effecting the mating behaviour of the gamete. It is the behavioural phenomenon which we called mood of the gamete. Also the molecule therein does not have perfectly symmetrical. The same basic phenomenon should exist with slide modifications, even if there is some treatment slight asymmetries in the molecules could as well be introduced changing the mood. Still another feature of such a molecule is that in the two base states shown the centre of electronic charge is found to be located at different palaces thereby, giving evidence of influences due to subjective magnetic is electronic field. The DNA molecules have a quantum Mechanical behaviour and that flipping of the electronics are responsible for such behaviour.
Through in early fifties Watson (a biologist) and crick (a physicist) published their (Nature, 1953) and proposing double helix model for the DNA structure but unwinding of the two strands remained a problem and is still unsolved. The major criticism against the double helix proposition is that the two chains will have to unwound in order to expose the bases, whose ordered sequences gives the genetic information, so that replication may occur and a new complementary strand may from. Now our submission is to take up the problem with quantum approach and we refer to the two faces of DNA structure, both of which are equally satisfactory pictures and we might guess that they should equal energies. But there should be certain amplitude that all the electrons can flip from one condition to the other shifting the position of the unfiled position to the opposite end. There are nevertheless, the usual two stationary states. |1> and | 2> which may be the sum of and difference combination of two base states 1> and 2>. The rate of flipping and therefore |A> should be sensitive to the complete structure of the molecule, then by changing A the energy might be splitting and hence frequency getting changed effecting the mating behaviour of the gamete. It is the behavioural phenomenon which we called mood of the gamete. Also the molecule therein does not have perfectly symmetrical. The same basic phenomenon should exist with slide modifications, even if there is some treatment slight asymmetries in the molecules could as well be introduced changing the mood. Still another feature of such a molecule is that in the two base states shown the centre of electronic charge is found to be located at different palaces thereby, giving evidence of influences due to subjective magnetic is electronic field. The DNA molecules have a quantum Mechanical behaviour and that flipping of the electronics are responsible for such behaviour.
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, carrying encoded genetic information at molecular level, is the most significant discovery in the history of genetics. Previous researches on DNA included topics of bases, base-pairing, hydrogen bonds, structure, base sequence, dynamics, replication and mutation. DNA must duplicate itself, and so DNA structure and DNA replication are the fundamental problems. Watson and Crick described the structure and the mechanism for replication of DNA. Other authors focused their studies on DNA replication. DNA molecules are micro-entities ruled by laws of quantum mechanics, but the mechanisms, found previously of DNA forming and replicating, were not explored by applying quantum mechanics. Here we show that controlled by quantum mechanics, the quantum state of DNA is a bio-quantum-entangled state, the mechanism of DNA forming and replicating is a process of bio-quantum entangling, de-entangling and re-entangling. This bio-quantum mechanical result is different from the conventional biochemical descriptions of DNA structure and replication. DNA genetics is bio-quantum genetics in nature. With this deep understanding, reform and progress should be expected for further development of genetics.
Abstract This study introduces a geometric framework to explain how quantum particles, specifically protons, move through energy barriers in biological molecules like DNA. Rather than viewing this tunneling as a purely random event, we propose that it is governed by the structural complexity of the surrounding molecular environment. By treating the energy landscape as a geometric shape, we demonstrate that the environment acts as a regulator that either facilitates or hinders the movement of protons between genetic base pairs. We applied this model to compare the two primary building blocks of the DNA ladder: the Guanine-Cytosine (G-C) and Adenine-Thymine (A-T) pairs. Our findings reveal that the G-C pair possesses a structural configuration that makes proton movement significantly more likely compared to the A-T pair. This difference provides a clear physical explanation for why certain parts of our genetic code are more prone to spontaneous changes, or tautomeric shifts, which can lead to mutations. Furthermore, the research explores how the DNA molecule interacts with its surrounding cellular noise (e.g. water molecules and proteins). We find that the proton behaves in a hybrid manner (at times acting like a coherent wave that exists in multiple places at once), and at other times like a solid particle trapped by its environment. This dual behavior suggests that life operates at a delicate balance between quantum mechanical effects and classical stability.
Motivation You may ask why one needs to know about quantum mechanics. Possibly the simplest answer is that we live in a quantum world! Engineers would like to make and control electronic, opto-electronic, and optical devices on an atomic scale. In biology there are molecules and cells we wish to understand and modify on an atomic scale. The same is true in chemistry, where an important goal is the synthesis of both organic and inorganic compounds with precise atomic composition and structure. Quantum mechanics gives the engineer, the biologist, and the chemist the tools with which to study and control objects on an atomic scale. As an example, consider the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule shown in Fig. 1.1. The number of atoms in DNA can be so great that it is impossible to track the position and activity of every atom. However, suppose we wish to know the effect a particular site (or neighborhood of an atom) in a single molecule has on a chemical reaction. Making use of quantum mechanics, engineers, biologists, and chemists can work together to solve this problem. In one approach, laser-induced fluorescence of a fluorophore attached to a specific site of a large molecule can be used to study the dynamics of that individual molecule. The light emitted from the fluorophore acts as a small beacon that provides information about the state of the molecule.
• Published in Nature's sister journal Communications Physics, proposing an 'open quantum systems approach to proton tunnelling in DNA'. • Analysis of G-C base pairs confirmed that the proton transfer rate by tunnelling is overwhelmingly higher than classical methods even at biological temperatures and in a dissipative environment. • Demonstrated a high tautomeric occupation probability... suggesting that DNA mutation is deeply governed by quantum mechanical processes. [Quantum Biology Society] Research revealing that the fundamental cause of mutations threatening the genetic stability of DNA—the core of life preservation—is based on quantum mechanical phenomena rather than classical biochemical reactions is drawing significant attention from the academic community. A paper published in Communications Physics, a sister journal of Nature, titled "An open quantum systems approach to proton tunnelling in DNA" verified this innovative hypothesis with a sophisticated physical model. A joint research team, including Louie Slocombe and Professor Jim Al-Khalili, thoroughly analyzed the quantum mechanical processes related to proton transfer. ■ Protons Piercing Through Hydrogen Bonds, Inducing 'Point Mutations' If a proton moves out of its orbit within the hydrogen bonds of the Guanine-Cytosine (G-C) base pair connecting the DNA double helix structure, tautomerisation occurs, altering the chemical structure of the base, which can lead to a point mutation, an error in genetic information. However, exactly how this process occurs in a warm and complex biological environment has long been a matter of debate. To solve this challenge, the research team applied an open quantum system that integrated an accurate structural model of the G-C base pair with the quantum dynamics of the hydrogen bond proton and the influence of the decoherent and dissipative cellular environment. ■ Quantum Effects Surviving Even in Biological Environments... "Tens of Thousands of Times Faster Than Over-the-Barrier Hopping" The analysis results completely overturned the conventional wisdom that quantum phenomena are confined only to the microscopic world or cryogenic temperatures. The research team found that, despite biological temperatures and environmental factors, the quantum tunnelling contribution to the proton transfer rate is several orders of magnitude (tens of thousands of times) larger than the classical 'over-the-barrier hopping' method, where particles gain energy to cross the barrier. Due to the strong quantum tunnelling effect, the canonical and tautomeric forms of the G-C base pair inter-convert over timescales far shorter than biological ones and very rapidly reach thermal equilibrium. ■ The Origins of Cancer and Evolution Lie in Quantum Probabilities What is even more surprising is that the tautomeric occupation probability through tunnelling reaches a significant level of 1.73 × 10⁻⁴. This suggests that such proton transfer may well play a far more dominant and important role in DNA mutation than the academic community has hitherto thought. This study, which proves that DNA mutations—the macroscopic consequences driving the onset of genetic diseases or cancer, and further, the evolution of life—are in fact thoroughly governed by microscopic quantum tunnelling phenomena, will serve as a powerful indicator of how Quantum Biology can innovate the paradigms of medicine and genetics in the future.
This paper investigates the potential role of quantum tunneling effects in DNA replication, a fundamental biological process. Conventional models of DNA replication primarily rely on classical mechanics, often failing to fully explain the remarkably high efficiency and speed observed. We propose that quantum tunneling, specifically the ability of particles to pass through potential energy barriers, may play a significant, yet previously underappreciated, role. This work will explore theoretical models simulating key stages of DNA replication – namely, the separation of DNA strands and the synthesis of new strands – and demonstrate how tunneling could contribute to these processes. We introduce a framework for quantifying tunneling probabilities within the DNA environment and discuss the implications for understanding the kinetic parameters governing DNA replication. The core claim of this research is that quantum tunneling effects provide a viable explanation for the efficiency and speed of DNA replication, and the core mechanism is the utilization of tunneling to overcome energy barriers in strand separation and new strand synthesis. Further investigation is warranted to explore the precise conditions and structural features within DNA that might enhance tunneling probabilities.
A study published on arXiv proved through a mathematical model that the macroscopic electron clouds shared between adjacent base pairs inside the DNA double helix structure maintain a strong quantum entanglement state even at room temperature (300 K), which is around body temperature. As a result of modeling the electron clouds of the DNA molecule as a chain of coupled quantum harmonic oscillators, it was confirmed that the van der Waals binding energy due to the dipole-dipole interaction between adjacent bases matches the pure quantum entanglement energy. This is a revolutionary study showing that the inherent structural stability of DNA, which is difficult to fully explain with classical physics or thermodynamics alone, is fundamentally protected by the quantum superposition and entanglement of electrons, suggesting that the genetic information preservation system of living organisms is an optimized quantum system capable of withstanding thermal noise. [Quantum Biology Society] How DNA, the most fundamental genetic information preservation system of life, can maintain such perfect structural stability even in a complex and unstable biological environment has long been a massive mystery in the biological community. Until now, it has been thought that classical thermodynamic hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between base pairs maintain this stability. Recently, however, a groundbreaking study mathematically proving that the source of microscopic interactions occurring inside DNA is none other than quantum entanglement has been published, drawing the attention of the global scientific community. The paper titled "Quantum entanglement between the electron clouds of nucleic acids in DNA," published in the preprint repository arXiv, is a monumental achievement conducted by a joint research team including Elisabeth Rieper and Vlatko Vedral of the Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) at the National University of Singapore, and Janet Anders of University College London (UCL) in the UK. ■ Quantum Entanglement of DNA Electron Clouds Maintained at Room Temperature The research team modeled the electron clouds of a single DNA strand as a chain of coupled quantum harmonic oscillators with dipole-dipole interaction between nearest neighbors. By mathematically analyzing the behavior of the macroscopic electron clouds shared between adjacent base pairs, the researchers theoretically proved that the coupling between electron clouds is dominant over the biological temperature (300 K), indicating that a very strong nearest neighbor entanglement state exists without being destroyed even in a room temperature environment. The simulator below helps to intuitively understand how the electron clouds between adjacent DNA bases form quantum entanglement and how that coupling (entanglement) changes depending on the distance and interaction strength between bases. ■ A Quantum Mechanical Shield Protecting the Genetic Information of Life This study clearly shows the surprising fact that the van der Waals binding energy connecting the DNA strands is practically identical to the binding energy of the coupled chain derived from the quantum entanglement of electrons. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that quantum states are easily destroyed in a hot and wet biological environment, DNA was instead effectively withstanding macroscopic thermal noise and defending against errors in genetic information by strongly entangling the electron clouds of neighboring bases. This strongly suggests that the genetic material of life itself operates as a highly optimized quantum system through a long evolutionary process, presenting a new milestone in the convergence research of modern quantum biology and genetics. https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.4053