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International Conference on Future and Intelligent Networking (FINE)

Towards Eavesdropper Awareness in CSI-Based Key Generation

Ashikur Rahman Nobel, Honggang Wang, Hua Fang

Published Aug 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/fine71157.2026.00035

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IEEE Wireless Communications Letters•Jan 1, 2026•1 citation
As wireless networks evolve toward 5G and 6G, securing communications in dense, dynamic, and potentially adversarial environments becomes increasingly critical. Traditional cryptographic security, relying on symmetric or asymmetric key exchanges at higher layers or pre-provisioning, imposes significant operational complexity—especially in decentralized private networks and tactical deployments where infrastructure is limited and exposure to interception or cryptanalysis is high.This work introduces an environment-aware cryptographic key derivation method that utilizes 5G NR waveforms and Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) principles, accompanied by updates to the security frameworks in 5G and next-generation 6G networks. It exploits radio channel reciprocity to extract highly correlated features observable only by legitimate transceivers, while inherently excluding spatially separated eavesdroppers.Our system derives shared secret keys directly from Channel State Information (CSI), achieving high-entropy keys with a 100% agreement rate and a high key generation rate between legitimate nodes. We demonstrate its robustness using software-defined radios operating in the 5G FR1 band, across diverse environments, while constraining the amount of publicly accessible information available to potential eavesdroppers.By embedding geographical awareness, this approach provides a physically secure key generation method, making it well-suited for 5G/6G systems, private networks, and ultra-massive Machine-Type Communication (umMTC) scenarios. The results highlight the potential of physical layer security for future wireless encryption frameworks with design considerations to maximize security and limit eavesdropping feasibility.
We consider a wiretap channel consisting of a source with multiple antennas, a legitimate receiver and an eavesdropper with a single antenna each. The channels between the source and the receivers undergo fast fading. We assume that the transmitter, in addition to the statistics of both channels, is only aware of a noisy version of the CSI to the legitimate receiver referred to as main channel. The legitimate receiver is aware of both its instantaneous channel gain and the transmitter's estimate of the main channel. On the other hand, the eavesdropper's receiver, in addition to its instantaneous channel realization, is aware of the actual main CSI and the transmitter's estimate as well. While the capacity of this channel is still open even with perfect CSI at the transmitter, we provide in this paper upper and lower bounds on the secrecy capacity. The upper bound is tighter than the one corresponding to perfect main CSI and the gap between the two upper bounds is characterized in function of the channel estimation error variance, at high-SNR. Furthermore, we show that our upper and lower bounds coincide in the case of no main CSI providing a trivial secrecy capacity.
Channel State Information (CSI) is widely used as a randomness source for Physical Layer Key Generation (PLKG). However, existing CSI-based PLKG schemes are often limited by insufficient CSI decorrelation, increasing eavesdropping risk and overestimating key generation rates. To address this issue, this letter reveals the intrinsic causes of CSI correlation and proposes an effective CSI decorrelation method consisting of inter-frame logarithmic differencing, Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), and dominant peak extraction. Compared with a conventional approach, the proposed method reduces the normalized mutual information between an eavesdropper and a legitimate user by 5.29% on average, while improving the secrecy advantage.