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Technology and Innovation Conference (TIC)

QAPI-Gov: A Quantum-Aware Service Gateway with Contract-Driven Routing for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Workloads

Venkata Pavan Kumar Gummadi

Published Jun 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/tic68483.2026.11702861

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The eventual arrival of a cryptographically relevant quantum computer will render the elliptic-curve and RSA key exchanges that protect today's database connections obsolete, yet the post-quantum key encapsulation mechanisms (KEMs) standardised by NIST impose larger key sizes and higher computational costs that may be incompatible with the connection-churn patterns of cloud database gateways. In the view of leading cryptographic researchers, hybrid key exchange combining a classical algorithm with a post-quantum algorithm so that the connection remains secure even if one of the two is broken is the prudent migration path for the transition period. This research benchmarks three TLS 1.3 key-exchange configurations classical ECDHE (X25519), hybrid X25519+Kyber768, and pure post-quantum Kyber1024 on a cloud database gateway handling connection rate from 10 to 500 new connections per second. The gateway was a purpose-built TLS termination proxy sitting between client applications and a managed PostgreSQL instance. At low churn (10 connections per second), the hybrid configuration added 1.6 ms to the TLS handshake compared with classical ECDHE (2.8 ms versus 1.2 ms), a 133-percent relative increase that remained well within the typical 10 ms connection-establishment budget. At high churn (500 connections per second), the hybrid handshake rose to 4.7 ms and consumed 34 percent more CPU than ECDHE, driven by the larger ciphertext sizes of Kyber768 (1,088 bytes versus 32 bytes for X25519). Pure Kyber1024 reached 7.3 ms at high churn and consumed 52 percent more CPU. Connection pooling reduced the effective handshake rate by 94 percent, making the overhead negligible for pooled workloads. The findings suggest that hybrid key exchange is deployable today on cloud database gateways without breaching latency SLAs, provided that connection pooling is in place.

International Journal of Cloud Computing and Database Management•Apr 1, 2026•0 citations
Real time payment gateways handle authorization and clearing traffic for card and account based ecosystems under strict latency and availability targets. Most deployed gateways still rely on RSA and elliptic curve cryptography, which become vulnerable once large scale quantum computers can run Shor's algorithm. Simply swapping these algorithms for NIST standard post quantum schemes is not enough, because gateways must still meet service level agreements, maintain Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) compliance, and interoperate with acquirers and issuers that migrate at different speeds. This paper presents a Post Quantum Cryptography Migration Framework that gives an end to end architectural view of gateway, acquirer, and issuer communication paths. The framework introduces a crypto abstraction layer with pluggable algorithm providers, supports hybrid classical plus post quantum modes during transition, and uses policy driven selection of key encapsulation and signature schemes such as Kyber and Dilithium. It also defines a phased migration process from asset discovery and quantum risk assessment through controlled hybrid rollout to post quantum only operation. To validate the approach, we implement a gateway testbed that replays a PaySim transaction workload and measure the impact of post quantum schemes on authorization latency and derived throughput under classical only, hybrid, and PQC only modes. The experiments show that, with careful configuration and connection management, post quantum protection can be integrated into real time payment processing with performance overhead kept within operational limits.
Hybrid quantum datacentres are advancing rapidly, and yet most of the efforts are pointing to hardware development, while the software layer that orchestrates classical and quantum resources remains underdeveloped. This thesis designs and implements a state aware hybrid orchestrator that receives workload requests and places them into the designated cluster. The orchestrator is built as a set of REST services organised into NorthBound, allocation, resource and Southbound blocks. The classical cluster is deployed on an OpenStack environment using DevStack, while the quantum cluster is emulated by quantum agents. Two placement algorithms are implemented, First Fit and Load Balancing. Both operate over both clusters, they filter and select the corresponding node that suits the logic of the algorithm. Every allocation is persisted so the system recovers the status after a restart. A natural language entry layer was also implemented, combining retrieval augmentation generation with a large language model, converting the entry into a validated typed schema and routing to the appropriate tier, while a dashboard exposes the full pipeline and the live infrastructure state with role based visibility. The system was evaluated under identical 100 request campaigns using a mock backend that enables large scale testing without saturating the physical laboratory. Load Balancing increased the number of successful allocations by 19.15 per cent over First Fit, an advantage concentrated in the RAM constrained classical tier, and the natural language layer reached a routing accuracy of 96.8 per cent. The results confirm that a natural language interface can drive an orchestrator reliably. The main limitations are the emulated quantum cluster and a single classical laboratory deployment, future work includes integrating a real quantum backend, adding authentication to the dashboard, and introducing time aware resource release.
The eventual arrival of a cryptographically relevant quantum computer will render the elliptic-curve and RSA key exchanges that protect today's database connections obsolete, yet the post-quantum key encapsulation mechanisms (KEMs) standardised by NIST impose larger key sizes and higher computational costs that may be incompatible with the connection-churn patterns of cloud database gateways. In the view of leading cryptographic researchers, hybrid key exchange combining a classical algorithm with a post-quantum algorithm so that the connection remains secure even if one of the two is broken is the prudent migration path for the transition period. This research benchmarks three TLS 1.3 key-exchange configurations classical ECDHE (X25519), hybrid X25519+Kyber768, and pure post-quantum Kyber1024 on a cloud database gateway handling connection rate from 10 to 500 new connections per second. The gateway was a purpose-built TLS termination proxy sitting between client applications and a managed PostgreSQL instance. At low churn (10 connections per second), the hybrid configuration added 1.6 ms to the TLS handshake compared with classical ECDHE (2.8 ms versus 1.2 ms), a 133-percent relative increase that remained well within the typical 10 ms connection-establishment budget. At high churn (500 connections per second), the hybrid handshake rose to 4.7 ms and consumed 34 percent more CPU than ECDHE, driven by the larger ciphertext sizes of Kyber768 (1,088 bytes versus 32 bytes for X25519). Pure Kyber1024 reached 7.3 ms at high churn and consumed 52 percent more CPU. Connection pooling reduced the effective handshake rate by 94 percent, making the overhead negligible for pooled workloads. The findings suggest that hybrid key exchange is deployable today on cloud database gateways without breaching latency SLAs, provided that connection pooling is in place.