When designing a practical biometric-authenticated two-party quantum key agreement (QKA) protocol, it is essential to comprehensively consider factors such as authentication mechanisms, allocation of quantum resources, reliability of quantum channels, and qubit efficiency. This paper introduces a fully trusted registry that leverages fuzzy extractors for participant registration and authentication, uses Bell states as the primary quantum resource, and integrates entanglement swapping of Bell states with Bell measurements and classical binary encoding to achieve feasible qubit efficiency in generating the final shared key by a single quantum channel. Additionally, the proposed protocol has been successfully simulated using Qiskit, and its correctness has been rigorously verified. Further security analysis and performance comparisons show this protocol can achieve optimal results within the constraints of current quantum technologies.
When designing a practical biometric-authenticated two-party quantum key agreement (QKA) protocol, it is essential to comprehensively consider factors such as authentication mechanisms, allocation of quantum resources, reliability of quantum channels, and qubit efficiency. This paper introduces a fully trusted registry that leverages fuzzy extractors for participant registration and authentication, uses Bell states as the primary quantum resource, and integrates entanglement swapping of Bell states with Bell measurements and classical binary encoding to achieve feasible qubit efficiency in generating the final shared key by a single quantum channel. Additionally, the proposed protocol has been successfully simulated using Qiskit, and its correctness has been rigorously verified. Further security analysis and performance comparisons show this protocol can achieve optimal results within the constraints of current quantum technologies.
Although there are many quantum key agreement protocols currently in existence, they cannot be merged in terms of resource utilisation, efficiency, security, and other aspects, and there are also significant differences in the nature of two and more parties. Therefore, it is necessary to design a quantum key agreement protocol that can balance efficiency and security and is suitable for multiple participants. In view of this, this paper proposes a multi-party quantum key agreement protocol based on a new coding mode of bell state: temporary session keys are negotiated between adjacent participants, and then shared keys for all participants are negotiated through the exchange, conversion, and computation of quantum resources. During the implementation of the protocol, not only can the identity of the participants be authenticated, but also the quantum resources used are single, and the quantum operations performed are simple. Moreover, efficiency is fixed and does not decrease due to the increase of participants or quantum resources. In addition, the protocol also allows participants to dynamically join and leave. In terms of security, the protocol can resist most common quantum attacks. Under the existing quantum technology, this protocol is completely feasible.
Although there are many quantum key agreement protocols currently in existence, they cannot be merged in terms of resource utilisation, efficiency, security, and other aspects, and there are also significant differences in the nature of two and more parties. Therefore, it is necessary to design a quantum key agreement protocol that can balance efficiency and security and is suitable for multiple participants. In view of this, this paper proposes a multi-party quantum key agreement protocol based on a new coding mode of bell state: temporary session keys are negotiated between adjacent participants, and then shared keys for all participants are negotiated through the exchange, conversion, and computation of quantum resources. During the implementation of the protocol, not only can the identity of the participants be authenticated, but also the quantum resources used are single, and the quantum operations performed are simple. Moreover, efficiency is fixed and does not decrease due to the increase of participants or quantum resources. In addition, the protocol also allows participants to dynamically join and leave. In terms of security, the protocol can resist most common quantum attacks. Under the existing quantum technology, this protocol is completely feasible.
Abstract Quantum key agreement (QKA) is an important cryptographic primitive that plays a pivotal role in private communications. Authenticated QKA plays an important role in QKA. In this paper, we propose an authenticated multiparty QKA scheme based on 4-qubit cluster states entanglement swapping. The scheme is divided into two parts, the first part is the quantum identity authentication stage, and the second part is the QKA stage. In the quantum identity authentication stage, the participants determine that the participant communicating with them is the claimed person through mutual authentication, which can avoid the impersonation attack of the eavesdropper Eve. In the QKA phase, the participants adopt a bidirectional transmission structure with the participation of a semi-trusted third party, and based on the entanglement swapping property of the 4-qubit cluster state, the QKA is finally realized. Detailed security analysis shows that the protocol can resist a variety of internal and external attacks, such as participants attack, entangle-measure attack, and so on.
In this paper, a mutual authentication quantum key agreement protocol with single-particle measurement is proposed. The participants can authenticate each other’s identity through their secret identity information and the entanglement property of Bell states. After the authentication phase, the participants can negotiate a private key with equal contribution. We prove that the proposed scheme is unconditional security. In comparison to the previous mutual authentication quantum key agreement protocols, the proposed method utilizes Bell states as the quantum resource states in both the identity authentication and key agreement stages. It requires single-particle measurement without the need for Bell measurements or the involvement of trusted or semi-trusted other participants. Additionally, our proposed scheme demonstrates significant advantages in terms of qubit efficiency.
Abstract Identification and key negotiation between trusted users play a pivot role in generating a session key. The existing protocol uses quantum resources with memory for authentication process but the storage time for qubit is limited. A new mutual authentication quantum key agreement protocol was proposed using Bell pair and the pre-shared key act as the basis for applying bell state measurement without storing the qubit. Security of the proposed protocol depends on inappropriate applying the Bell measurement in different basis leading to entanglement swapping. The participant is able to create a fair session key for each communication and mutually authenticate each identity. The key negotiation and authentication phases of the proposed mutual authentication quantum key agreement protocol have demonstrated that it is unconditional secure.
Quantum key agreement (QKA) can generate a shared secret key which is equally negotiated by all the participants in the protocol. In most of the QKA protocols, all the participants require quantum capabilities. But the quantum devices are too expensive for participants. This paper proposes a mutual semi-quantum key agreement protocol which allows two parties (Alice and Bob) to negotiate a shared secret key equally. In the protocol, Alice can perform any quantum operation, but Bob is a classical participant which can only perform reflection, measurement and reorder operation. Even though Bob has fewer quantum resources, Alice and Bob have an equal contribution to the shared final key, no one can determine the shared key alone. In addition, we demonstrate the security of the proposed protocol. The analysis results show that the proposed protocol not only resists against some common attacks but also assures the fairness property. It is significant for communication participant without enough quantum devices to achieve quantum communication. The proposed protocol can be implemented with present quantum technologies.