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Scientific Reports

Time-scaled quantum simulation of dissipative nanoelectronics with zero gate overhead

Mateusz Przygocki, Rafał Kotas, Mariusz Zubert

Published Sep 20, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Simulating open quantum systems (OQS) is essential for understanding quantum thermodynamics and materials science. However, noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices are severely bottlenecked by limited coherence times and gate infidelities. Conventional quantum simulations of Amplitude-Damping Lindblad dynamics requires active dissipative gates and ancilla environments, leading to spurious qubit flips, state saturation, and a significant two-qubit overhead. While recent methods exploit intrinsic hardware noise for quantum simulation, they mainly rely on tailored decoherence-inducing gates or complex error mitigation. Here, we introduce a hardware-intrinsic time-scaling methodology that completely eliminates active dissipative gates. By mapping the processor's continuous energy relaxation (T1) explicitly via native delay instructions, our protocol captures targeted dissipative dynamics with a strict O(1) algorithmic overhead, bypassing conventional mitigation sampling costs. We experimentally demonstrate this efficient approach on two IBM quantum architectures, successfully emulating tight-binding parameter regimes. These include nanosecond magnon propagation in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) spin chains, as well as ultrafast picosecond phonon dynamics across 1D transport channels within 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and multi-site graphene lattices. Furthermore, to mitigate error accumulation in multi-site arrays, we implement a depth-dependent scaling protocol. Finally, the proposed method is extended to the fermionic domain, emulating the femtosecond relaxation of an isolated charge carrier across 4-qubit topologies. This methodology provides a scalable pathway for robust, hardware-tailored materials simulations.

DOI
10.1038/s41598-026-72156-z

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Abstract Simulating open quantum systems (OQS) is essential for understanding quantum thermodynamics and materials science. However, noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices are severely bottlenecked by limited coherence times and gate infidelities. Conventional quantum simulations of Amplitude-Damping Lindblad dynamics requires active dissipative gates and ancilla environments, leading to spurious qubit flips, state saturation, and a significant two-qubit overhead. While recent methods exploit intrinsic hardware noise for quantum simulation, they mainly rely on tailored decoherence-inducing gates or complex error mitigation. Here, we introduce a hardware-intrinsic time-scaling methodology that completely eliminates active dissipative gates. By mapping the processor's continuous energy relaxation (T1) explicitly via native delay instructions, our protocol captures targeted dissipative dynamics with a strict O(1) algorithmic overhead, bypassing conventional mitigation sampling costs. We experimentally demonstrate this efficient approach on two IBM quantum architectures, successfully emulating tight-binding parameter regimes. These include nanosecond magnon propagation in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) spin chains, as well as ultrafast picosecond phonon dynamics across 1D transport channels within 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and multi-site graphene lattices. Furthermore, to mitigate error accumulation in multi-site arrays, we implement a depth-dependent scaling protocol. Finally, the proposed method is extended to the fermionic domain, emulating the femtosecond relaxation of an isolated charge carrier across 4-qubit topologies. This methodology provides a scalable pathway for robust, hardware-tailored materials simulations.
Abstract Quantum simulation represents the most promising quantum application to demonstrate quantum advantage on near-term noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers, yet available quantum simulation algorithms are prone to errors and thus difficult to realize with limited circuit depth on nowadays quantum devices. Herein, we propose a novel scheme to utilize intrinsic gate errors of NISQ devices to enable controllable simulation of open quantum system dynamics without ancillary qubits or explicit bath engineering, thus turning unwanted quantum noises into useful quantum resources. Specifically, we simulate the energy transfer process in a photosynthetic dimer system on IBM-Q cloud. By employing tailored decoherence-inducing gates, we show that quantum dissipative dynamics can be simulated efficiently across coherent-to-incoherent regimes with results comparable to those of the numerically exact classical method. Moreover, we demonstrate a calibration routine that enables consistent and predictive simulations of open-quantum system dynamics in the intermediate coupling regime. This work provides a new direction for quantum advantage in the NISQ era.
Abstract Accurately characterizing and mitigating the impact of noise is essential for improving the fidelity of quantum simulations on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. In this work, we introduce a circuit-structure-preserving error-mitigation framework designed for parameterized quantum circuits. Unlike conventional approaches that alter circuit topology or require heavy post-processing, our method preserves the native architecture while systematically diagnosing gate noise. This structure-preserving feature enables robust, high-fidelity simulations even in the presence of significant hardware noise, making the approach particularly effective for small-scale circuits executed at high sampling rates, such as those used in variational algorithms and quantum neural networks. To benchmark its performance, we apply the method to variational quantum simulations of a non-Hermitian ferromagnetic transverse-field Ising chain implemented on IBM Quantum processors. The mitigated results exhibit excellent agreement with exact theoretical predictions across a wide range of noise conditions. Thus, our framework provides a scalable and hardware-efficient strategy for the current hardware.
While simple spin-boson models have been realized on quantum hardware, simulating extended electronic networks with local vibrational environments remains a fundamental challenge in the presence of non-equilibrium, long-lived electronic-vibrational (vibronic) coherence. We present a framework for the digital-analog simulation of open quantum systems governed by Hamiltonians with linear-vibronic coupling (LVC) and structured vibrational environments. Our approach exploits the intrinsic dissipation of qubits in near-term quantum hardware as a resource to emulate vibrational relaxation, combined with a model-specific error mitigation scheme to filter out noise sources incompatible with the target open system. We validate our strategy by resolving the vibronic transfer spectra of a one-dimensional donor-acceptor chain on IBM superconducting processors, reproducing non-Markovian dynamics and scaling the chain length up to 10 electronic sites, an unprecedented scale for chemical dynamics on quantum computers. Our model of vibronic electron transfer offers a portable, application-oriented benchmark for simulating long-lived entangled states on NISQ computers.
While simple spin-boson models have been realized on quantum hardware, simulating extended electronic networks with local vibrational environments remains a fundamental challenge in the presence of non-equilibrium, long-lived electronic-vibrational (vibronic) coherence. We present a framework for the digital-analog simulation of open quantum systems governed by Hamiltonians with linear-vibronic coupling (LVC) and structured vibrational environments. Our approach exploits the intrinsic dissipation of qubits in near-term quantum hardware as a resource to emulate vibrational relaxation, combined with a model-specific error mitigation scheme to filter out noise sources incompatible with the target open system. We validate our strategy by resolving the vibronic transfer spectra of a one-dimensional donor-acceptor chain on IBM superconducting processors, reproducing non-Markovian dynamics and scaling the chain length up to 10 electronic sites, an unprecedented scale for chemical dynamics on quantum computers. Our model of vibronic electron transfer offers a portable, application-oriented benchmark for simulating long-lived entangled states on NISQ computers.
Open quantum systems are central to quantum optics, condensed matter, and chemistry, yet their simulation remains challenging for both classical and near-term quantum hardware. In this work we implement and execute utility-scale quantum circuits that accurately reproduce the dissipative dynamics of interacting qubits. We consider a one-dimensional chain of many qubits weakly coupled to a common Markovian bath. The Markovian time evolution of the system is implemented through Trotterized evolution with the introduction of ancilla-assisted dissipative channels, including single-qubit and two-qubit dissipators to capture collective decay. Mid-circuit measurements, conditional gates, and hardware-aware transpilation significantly reduce circuit depth. We further implement a biased Clifford data regression (biased CDR), an error mitigation strategy that outperforms the uniform Cliffordization baseline and a variety of zero-noise extrapolation protocols. We execute large-scale quantum experiments of the dynamics of chains comprising up to 86 emitters on the IBM System Two \texttt{ibm\_basquecountry}. In order to do so, we use 129 total qubits (including ancillas), with the largest circuits contain about 8000 two-qubit gates. To validate these experiments we develop a classical Monte Carlo-Time-Evolving Block-Decimation (MC-TEBD) tensor-network method that incorporates reset operations through stochastic pure-state trajectories, obtaining very good agreement. The approach presented here opens a practical route for utility-scale quantum simulation of dissipative dynamics, enabled by dynamic circuits, targeted error mitigation, and tensor-network validation, and enables to tackle complex dynamics of systems such as quantum emitters in dissipative optical cavities.
Abstract Simulating open quantum systems, which interact with external environments, presents significant challenges on noisy intermediate‐scale quantum (NISQ) devices due to limited qubit resources and noise. In this study, an efficient framework is proposed for simulating open quantum systems on NISQ hardware by leveraging a time‐perturbative Kraus operator representation of the system's dynamics. This approach avoids the computationally expensive Trotterization method and exploits the Lindblad master equation to represent time evolution in a compact form, particularly for systems satisfying specific commutation relations. The efficiency of this method is demonstrated by simulating quantum channels, such as the continuous‐time Pauli channel and damped harmonic oscillators, on NISQ trapped‐ion hardware, including IonQ Harmony and Quantinuum H1‐1. Additionally, hardware‐agnostic error mitigation techniques are introduced, including Pauli channel fitting and quantum depolarizing channel inversion, to enhance the fidelity of quantum simulations. These results show strong agreement between the simulations on real quantum hardware and exact solutions, highlighting the potential of Kraus‐based methods for scalable and accurate simulation of open quantum systems on NISQ devices. This framework opens pathways for simulating more complex systems under realistic conditions in the near term.