Research progress of programmable quantum voltage

Jinli Li, Zhong Lihua, Pan Feng, Ji Yilin, Ziwen Chen, Lidan Zhang

Published Aug 1, 2026• 0 citations

Abstract

The programmable quantum voltage standard (PJVS) is a type of quantum voltage standard capable of generating AC waveforms accurately. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress of PJVS. The basic principles of PJVS are elaborated, focusing on the sources of transient errors and methods for error suppression. The development history of PJVS chips is reviewed, the fabrication of low-temperature superconducting Josephson junction arrays, the core characteristics of PJVS chips, and the research progress of PJVS chips at home and abroad are briefly summarized. The main application of PJVS are sorted out and summarized, the setup, key indicators, and practical application scenarios of quantum voltmeters, impedance bridges, and quantum current measurements are specifically analyzed. This paper also deeply explores the differential sampling method of PJVS and comparatively analyzes the two technical routes of differential sampling and subsampling. It conducts a comparative study on the two-terminal and four-terminal impedance bridges based on PJVS and summarizes their application status in various countries. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of current standards based on PJVS and single-electron tunneling schemes, and introduces the programmable quantum current standard based on Ohm’s law. Finally, this paper prospects the future development trend of PJVS from two dimensions of the breakthrough of core underlying chip technologies and the optimization of system integration.

DOI: 10.19753/j.issn1001-1390.2026.08.016

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