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Optical Frequency Division for Ultra-Stable Microwave Generation and Remote Clock Referencing

Benjamin Pointard, Paul-Éric Pottie, M. Lours, Michel Abgrall, Rodolphe Le Targat

Published Jun 30, 2025• 0 citations
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Comparison of ultra-stable frequency references located in geographically distributed areas require a transfer technique, which offers stability of 10−17at 1 s over tens of kilometer. Such remote frequency transfer will allow comparing the optical frequency references of same or different atomic species (through a frequency comb bridge) for test of relativistic geodesy [1] or time variation of fundamental constants [2], and will contribute towards the database of frequency ratio measurements-an essential requirement for the re-definition of the SI second based on optical clocks [3]. It will also facilitate in creating an optical to microwave frequency link that can be used by various SI standards laboratory requiring stable microwave sources. In this paper, I discuss the modulated optical carrier wave based ultra-stable frequency reference transfer technique, and present a study of a laser interferometer based active fiber noise cancellation system and its applications.
We transfer the frequency of an ultra-stable laser over a cascaded optical link comprising two compensated links of 150 km and a repeater station. Each link passes through two important nodes of the telecommunication network and includes 114 km of Internet fiber simultaneously carrying data traffic, through a dense wavelength division multiplexing scheme. The metrological signal is inserted in and extracted from the communication network using bidirectional optical add-drop multiplexers. The repeater station is working independently without any remote control. The phase noise on the two links is compensated with the usual round-trip technique. The 300-km multiplexed cascaded link shows an Allan deviation of 3×10-15at one second and 7×10-20at 20 hours. This work paves the way to a wide dissemination of ultra stable optical clock signals between distant laboratories via the Internet network.
Comparison of microwave frequency standards by satellite techniques is currently limited in instability at the 10-15level at one day [1]. However, the best optical frequency standards have already demonstrated an instability of ~ 5 × 10-17at 2000 s and an estimated uncertainty of 9 × 10-18[2]. The predicted improvement in optical frequency standards motivates the need for a new transfer method capable of performing below these predicted levels of instability. The transmission of cw optical frequencies through optical fibre networks is the most promising alternative to satellite methods when it comes to comparing remote optical frequency standards. Intra-lab comparison of optical frequency standards can already be carried out with the use of femtosecond optical frequency combs, which can easily bridge the frequency gap between the different standards under test. However, a particularly more challenging task is to compare different standards at remote European laboratories. The comparison of remote standards, particularly like-for-like systems (such as the Yb+clocks at NPL and PTB), will be important in determining the relative uncertainty and reproducibility of these clocks. For this remote comparison method to operate below the instability level of the optical standards, a highly stable phase-coherent local oscillator is needed so as not to degrade the stability of the atomic reference being compared.