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Toward Scalable and Efficient Quantum Computing Systems

Hezi Zhang

Published Aug 5, 2026• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative frontier of computation. In recent years, quantum hardware has scaled at an unprecedented rate. As this momentum continues, the central challenge is shifting upward in the stack—from hardware-level feasibility toward system-level scalability. This thesis will focus on quantum computer architecture and compiler, introducing the challenges and opportunities to efficiently harness device capabilities and lower the demands on hardware technology, thereby accelerating timelines for practical quantum advantage.

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Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative frontier of computation. In recent years, quantum hardware has scaled at an unprecedented rate. As this momentum continues, the central challenge is shifting upward in the stack—from hardware-level feasibility toward system-level scalability. This thesis will focus on quantum computer architecture and compiler, introducing the challenges and opportunities to efficiently harness device capabilities and lower the demands on hardware technology, thereby accelerating timelines for practical quantum advantage.
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This short report explores the (non exhaustive) current state of quantum technologies, their potential applications, and the challenges that must be addressed to harness their full potential. In particular we will focus on the quantum computer architecture and its ecosystem. Such architecture represents a complex, multi-layered system that integrates quantum and classical components to enable the execution of quantum algorithms. This manuscript is then organized as follows : first we will introduce the quantum processing unit, the lowest layer of a quantum computer. Then we will progress from the lowest to the higher layer of the system architectures : measurement, circuit control, error correction and mitigation system, the quantum compiler and finally the software stack, with particular emphasis on the interactions between these components
Quantum computing has surfaced as a revolutionary idea with the potential to transform industries ranging from cryptography to drug discovery. However, alongside its promise, quantum computing faces formidable challenges, particularly in the realm of hardware development and scalability. One of the central challenges lies in the creation and scaling of dependable hardware infrastructure. At present, quantum computers can only manipulate a limited number of qubits for brief periods before succumbing to noise-induced disruptions. This constraint severely curtails their ability to execute complex computations and address real-world problems with efficiency. Furthermore, the relentless march towards miniaturization presents a significant hurdle. As transistors shrink in size, quantum effects increasingly interfere with their behavior, posing a barrier to further hardware miniaturization and scalability. Moreover, the quest to increase qubit counts stands as a pivotal milestone in advancing quantum computing capabilities. However, achieving higher qubit counts is fraught with challenges. These include the maintenance of qubit coherence and stability, the mitigation of unwanted inter-qubit interactions, and overcoming logistical hurdles in fabrication and control systems. Each of these challenges presents a significant roadblock on the path to realizing the full potential of quantum computing. Despite these formidable obstacles, researchers and scientists are actively engaged in the pursuit of solutions. Through innovative approaches and rigorous experimentation, they are striving to overcome the barriers impeding hardware development and scalability. By addressing these challenges, quantum computing stands poised to unlock unprecedented computational power and drive breakthroughs in fields ranging from optimization and machine learning to materials science and beyond. Thus, while the road ahead may be fraught with challenges, the transformative potential of quantum computing compels us to persevere in our quest to harness the power of the quantum realm.
Quantum computing stands poised to revolutionize digital hardware by offering computational capabilities that fundamentally transcend classical computing limitations. The global quantum computing market demonstrates substantial growth fueled by investments from major technology corporations as they race toward achieving practical quantum advantages. Despite formidable technical challenges—including the need for extremely low operating temperatures and error correction—significant advancements have been made in reducing error rates and increasing qubit counts. Novel architectures like Amazon's "Ocelot" cat qubits, Microsoft's topological quantum computing and Nvidia's accelerated quantum supercomputing that integrates quantum hardware with AI supercomputers address persistent challenges in error rates and qubit coherence. These developments open new frontiers in previously intractable problems across multiple domains, from cryptography to materials science and artificial intelligence. As the field progresses from the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum era toward fault-tolerant quantum computing, it faces four critical challenges: scalability, error correction, quantum-classical integration, and algorithm development. Addressing these challenges will enable quantum computing to fulfill its transformative potential across industries, fundamentally reshaping computational technology.
Quantum computing is advancing rapidly, offering the potential to transform computational paradigms and tackle problems that are intractable for classical systems. Realizing practical quantum systems demands the development of an entirely new computing stack—from qubits and quantum processors to components, wiring and control electronics, transpilers, error handling, software, algorithms, and the compute architecture to integrate quantum and classical resources at scale. This plenary will provide an overview of the current state of quantum computing and outline the milestones on the path toward building a large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computer by 2029. The significant improvements in hardware, software, and system integration, pushing the performance of quantum computing to reach quantum utility and advance toward quantum advantage, will be presented. Breakthroughs in error correction and a modular approach indicated in the IBM Quantum Roadmap outline a clear path to quantum systems using 200 logical qubits and 100 million quantum operations by 2029 and 2,000 logical qubits a few years later. Furthermore, advances in quantum algorithms, combined with the integration of quantum systems and high-performance computing (HPC), will unlock powerful synergies—accelerating the timeline for applications previously considered to be far in the future.