In recent years, we have observed a new revolution in computer science, driven by the increasing availability of computational power and data. This historic event has seen the capillary diffusion of what is commonly known as artificial intelligence (AI). In particular, we have seen a rapid improvement of large language models that now can interact with people on a level that appeared impossible just a few years ago. Despite this newly found focus on AI and computer science, the technical difficulties that limit the increase in computational power are increasing, and the prediction described by Moore's law no longer holds. For this reason physicists, computer scientists, mathematicians, and engineers are studying another computational paradigm called quantum computing. Similar to the rise of large language models, quantum computing has gained significant attention in the last ten years due to the development of initial quantum hardware and its rapid advancements. The quantum computing paradigm offers a fundamentally different set of tools with respect to what is called classical computation. Quantum properties and effects like superposition, entanglement, and interference give us the ability to solve problems that we could not approach classically. In this thesis, we explore the intersection between artificial intelligence and quantum computing from an experimental point of view. We researched quantum AI models, utilizing both the classical and quantum paradigms using variational architectures. This thesis is organized as follows: part 1 contains an introduction to quantum computation, starting from the postulate of quantum mechanics, through an introduction to QML and finally the state of the art. Part 2 contains the description of the research we performed. It's divided into two main chapters containing fundamentally different approaches to quantum computing. Each chapter contains section illustrating our research on that approach.
In recent years, we have observed a new revolution in computer science, driven by the increasing availability of computational power and data. This historic event has seen the capillary diffusion of what is commonly known as artificial intelligence (AI). In particular, we have seen a rapid improvement of large language models that now can interact with people on a level that appeared impossible just a few years ago. Despite this newly found focus on AI and computer science, the technical difficulties that limit the increase in computational power are increasing, and the prediction described by Moore's law no longer holds. For this reason physicists, computer scientists, mathematicians, and engineers are studying another computational paradigm called quantum computing. Similar to the rise of large language models, quantum computing has gained significant attention in the last ten years due to the development of initial quantum hardware and its rapid advancements. The quantum computing paradigm offers a fundamentally different set of tools with respect to what is called classical computation. Quantum properties and effects like superposition, entanglement, and interference give us the ability to solve problems that we could not approach classically. In this thesis, we explore the intersection between artificial intelligence and quantum computing from an experimental point of view. We researched quantum AI models, utilizing both the classical and quantum paradigms using variational architectures. This thesis is organized as follows: part 1 contains an introduction to quantum computation, starting from the postulate of quantum mechanics, through an introduction to QML and finally the state of the art. Part 2 contains the description of the research we performed. It's divided into two main chapters containing fundamentally different approaches to quantum computing. Each chapter contains section illustrating our research on that approach.
Over the past decade, the field of Classical Machine Learning has experienced rapid growth, primarily driven by the widespread adoption of the internet and the increasing interconnectivity of digital devices.This expansion has led to the generation of vast volumes of data requiring effective analysis and processing.Machine Learning, as a subfield of Artificial Intelligence, leverages tools mainly from Statistics to identify patterns and extract meaningful insights from data without the need for explicit programming.At the same time, Quantum Computing introduces a fundamentally different paradigm for information processing, utilizing principles of Quantum Mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement.The convergence of these two scientific domains has given rise to the emerging field of Quantum Machine Learning.The present thesis aims to investigate whether the integration of Machine Learning and Quantum Computing can offer tangible advancements in the efficiency and performance of Artificial Intelligence systems.Based on current research findings, this study explores the potential, advantages, and limitations of this interdisciplinary approach, as well as its prospects for development in the coming years.
Quantum computing is rapidly advancing and offering new ways to improve artificial intelligence (AI).The most recent advancement is Quantum Machine Learning (QML), an exciting new field that involves the exploration of combining quantum computing principles with machine learning methods to solve complex problems that have high-dimensional problem-solving models that are impossible to address with classical models.The objective of this research was a descriptive-analytical examination of combining classical machine learning with quantum computing principles, specifically using Variational Quantum Classifiers (VQC) to train on a nonlinear XOR dataset, to assess the proposition of QML.The VQC was able to amongst quantum features, and learning how to classify using parameterized variational circuits to model nonlinear decision boundaries as models not achievable using classical linear classifiers.Training convergence was demonstrated with decreasing training and test losses, with the final model achieving test accuracy of nearly 0.85.The training curves and the decision boundary plots illustrated the model's ability to learn the more complex decision boundaries.This study demonstrated QML's ability to coexist with classical machine learning studies with the ability to exploit quantum entanglement and quantum parallelism.This paper concluded that QML has great potential to challenge the concerns of next generation applications in finance, healthcare, and secure communications and to optimize computational power and scalability.
There has been remarkable development in the data-driven decision-making domain of Artificial Intelligence (AI). However, the complexity of the AI models and the amount of data have shown some drawbacks with conventional computing models. One of the interdisciplinary branches of quantum computing and machine learning is Quantum Machine Learning (QML), which is a combination of quantum computing and machine learning and relies on the unique characteristics of quantum computing, such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum parallelism, to enhance the performance of the machines. This review provides a comprehensive description of theory, architectures, algorithms, implementational approaches, applications, problems, and future directions of QML. The core concepts of quantum computing and machine learning are introduced. Different representations of quantum states, quantum data encoding, variational quantum circuits, quantum kernel methods, and hybrid quantum or classical optimization are discussed. Significant QML algorithms like Quantum Support Vector Machines, Quantum Neural Networks, Variational Quantum Eigen solvers, Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithms, and Quantum reinforcement learning are explored and evaluated for computational power and applications. The scaling up of quantum computer sizes, data encoding overhead, complexity of optimizations, benchmarking, and decoherence are discussed in detail, as well as recent developments in fault-tolerant quantum computing and hybrid learning approaches. Finally, a conceptual framework is given to demonstrate the unification of classical computation and quantum computation to intelligently process data. This review demonstrates how QML could be the next-generation computational method to accelerate scientific advancements and enable new advanced AI technologies.
This rapid growth in data and the increased complexity of machine learning models have made it almost impossible to continue pushing forward with classical computing, thereby creating a pressing need for new computational paradigms. The following paper will examine how quantum machine learning answers the above questions by applying the principles of quantum mechanics to the art of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics. We examine some of the current Quantum Machine Learning (QML) algorithms and their applications based on a framework that employs quantum-enhanced feature spaces, variational quantum circuits, and quantum-inspired classical algorithms. Our methodology combines theoretical analysis with empirical evaluation of these methods over standard benchmark datasets, using both quantum simulators and real quantum hardware. Key findings include a set of advantages carried by QML in specific fields, such as dimensionality reduction, optimization problems, and some clustering tasks. These are the quadratic speedup for support vector machines and the exponential advantage for principal component analysis. Our results also show that quantum error correction isn’t perfect and that loading classical data into a quantum system can be hard. We conclude that, while QML holds much promise, it is, by all means, clearly still a way off from being considered a panacea. It is awaiting further breakthroughs in quantum hardware, error mitigation techniques, and algorithm design in order to fully realize its potential. This work thus presents a roadmap for future research and highlights where QML is best placed to make major impactful differences in artificial intelligence and big data analytics.
The field of Quantum Artificial Intelligence (Quantum AI) has emerged as a promising interdisciplinary research area where the computational power of quantum computing is merged with the learning and decision-making power of AI. The application of quantum principles such as superposition, entanglement and quantum interference to machine learning algorithms has created new possibilities for solving problems that may be difficult to solve by classical machines. In the last few years, advances in Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices have helped to speed advances in Quantum Machine Learning (QML) algorithms, Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs), Quantum Support Vector Machines (QSVMs), Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs) and hybrid learning algorithms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the research in the field of Quantum AI from 2020 to 2026, covering the key concepts, novel architectures, algorithmic advancements, and practical applications. A critical assessment of the application of Quantum AI in fields such as healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, scientific computing and optimization problems is provided, and the benefits of quantum-enhanced learning models are discussed. In addition, common difficulties such as quantum hardware limitations, sensitivity to noise, encoding of data, scalability constraints and a lack of speed in training variational quantum circuits are discussed. The review also covers new avenues of research, including trustworthy quantum machine learning, explainable Quantum AI, quantum federated learning, and fault-tolerant quantum computing. The results suggest while practical large-scale deployment is currently limited by existing hardware capabilities, hybrid quantum-classical systems have great potential to rapidly move intelligent data processing and develop next-generation AI systems.
Recent advancements in quantum computing and artificial intelligence have revolutionized the fields of data science, with tools like AlphaFold for protein structure prediction and ChatGPT for programming and creative tasks leading the charge. Now, quantum computing has entered the machine learning arena, marking the rise of Quantum Machine Learning (QML). This field integrates quantum algorithms with machine learning techniques to solve problems in chemistry, optimization, and beyond. Despite its potential, QML remains a challenging domain due to the counterintuitive concepts of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement. This paper aims to simplify QML for data science professionals, illustrating how it operates similarly to classical machine learning while highlighting when and why quantum computing can offer significant advantages for certain tasks.