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Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging

Crosstalk in orbital angular momentum photon state detection due to distorted hologram

Yusei Kameda, Yoko Miyamoto

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Holograms are often used to detect orbital angular momentum (OAM) photon states. We examine how a typical distortion in an electron-beam-fabricated hologram affects hologram alignment and crosstalk in OAM photon state detection.
DOI
10.1364/dh.2026.tu5b.2

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Detection of photons in orbital angular momentum (OAM) superposition states is crucial to verification of OAM entanglement. In the past this has been realized by laterally shifting a hologram designed to remove a charge 1 phase singularity at its center. Such a laterally shifted hologram converts a beam with an off-center singularity (similar to that created by superposing an m = 0 beam and an m = 1 beam, where in is the OAM mode number) into a Gaussian beam, which is then filtered through a single mode fiber (SMF). However, it has been shown that a photon detected by this method is not a simple superposition of a photon in the m = 0 Gaussian mode and the m = 1 mode detected with an unshifted hologram, making it necessary to apply complicated analysis. One problem is that the radial distributions of the detected m = 0 and 1 components as determined by the SMF change as the hologram is shifted. Another, possibly more serious problem is the mixing of other OAM components. To overcome this problem we propose a new scheme for the detection of OAM superposition states consisting of a hologram and a path interferometer. The hologram is designed so that the output is equally distributed between the 0th and 1st order diffraction beams. The 0th order is the input beam itself, whose m = 0 Gaussian component is filtered through an SMF. In the 1st order beam the m = 1 component is converted to m = 0 and is filtered through a second SMF. The filtered beams now have the same spatial distribution, and can be superposed by a beam splitter. By inserting attenuators and phase modulators within the interferometer, superpositions with varying amplitude ratios and relative phases can be detected without shifting the hologram.
Light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) has many applications ranging from optical manipulation, imaging and remote sensing, and optical communications, and can be used to perform fundamental studies in quantum mechanics and quantum information. Moreover, single photons with high-order OAM allow for increasing the amount of information carried per photon in quantum communication. This thesis describes the study of methods for the preparation and detection of OAM of light in high mode order by utilizing beam shaping techniques using spatial light modulators (SLMs). The quality of the generated high-order OAM mode is limited by optical aberrations which are induced by optical elements in realistic systems and propagation through realistic channels. In order to create and characterize the OAM modes with high quality, we investigate methods for aberration detection and correction using SLMs. These beam shaping techniques for the correction of optical aberrations allow us to generate and detect light carrying OAM with mode order ranging from l = 0 to l = 8 with good quality, and to generate high-quality superpositions of OAM modes with high mode order or in high dimensions. Furthermore, we observe low crosstalk and good levels of mode discrimination between different OAM modes of light. Our experimental setup can be applied in future studies to investigate and test different protocols in quantum information with high dimensional systems, such as high dimensional quantum state tomography.