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Simulating a Sequential Pauli-Y–Hadamard–Pauli-Z Quantum Circuit

P. K. Majumdar

Published Aug 19, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This notebook demonstrates how NumPy can be used to construct the unified matrix operator for a single-qubit circuit in which the Pauli-Y, Hadamard and Pauli-Z gates are applied sequentially. It explains the relationship between chronological circuit order and right-to-left matrix multiplication, computes the composite operator as Z @ H @ Y, prints the resulting 2 × 2 complex matrix and verifies numerically that the composite transformation remains unitary.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.22011366

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This notebook demonstrates how NumPy can be used to construct the unified matrix operator for a single-qubit circuit in which the Pauli-Y, Hadamard and Pauli-Z gates are applied sequentially. It explains the relationship between chronological circuit order and right-to-left matrix multiplication, computes the composite operator as Z @ H @ Y, prints the resulting 2 × 2 complex matrix and verifies numerically that the composite transformation remains unitary.
This educational Jupyter notebook demonstrates how to simulate sequential quantum-gate operations using NumPy. Beginning with the computational-basis state |0>, it applies the Hadamard and Pauli-X operators in chronological circuit order while explaining the corresponding right-to-left order of matrix multiplication. The notebook uses NumPy's matrix-multiplication operator to compute intermediate and final state vectors, verifies the equivalence of composite-operator evaluation, and confirms that unitary evolution preserves state normalisation. It is intended as a transparent, reproducible introduction to matrix-based single-qubit simulation for students, educators and readers beginning their study of quantum computing.
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Abstract In the field of quantum computing, the study of single-qubit quantum gates is fundamental to constructing quantum circuits and algorithms. Single-qubit gates, such as the X, Y, and Z gates, enable precise manipulation of qubit states, which can be visualized on the Bloch sphere. The use of matrix representations, including Pauli matrices, provides a rigorous mathematical framework for analyzing gate operations and their effects within quantum circuits. This work also explores the application of the Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) and introduces the Hadamard test subroutine as a practical method for evaluating quantum states. The presented algorithms were successfully implemented on a 5-qubit IBM quantum computer, demonstrating both the theoretical foundations and practical significance of quantum gates and Pauli matrices in modern quantum computation and their potential role in secure information processing.
In Section 1.3, we introduced the circuit model of (classical) computation. We restricted attention to reversible circuits since they can simulate any non-reversible circuit with modest overhead. This model can be generalized to a model of quantum circuits. In the quantum circuit model, we have logical qubits carried along ‘wires’, and quantum gates that act on the qubits. A quantum gate acting on n qubits has the input qubits carried to it by n wires, and n other wires carry the output qubits away from the gate. A quantum circuit is often illustrated schematically by a circuit diagram as shown in Figure 4.1. The wires are shown as horizontal lines, and we imagine the qubits propagating along the wires from left to right in time. The gates are shown as rectangular blocks. For convenience, we will restrict attention to unitary quantum gates (which are also reversible). Recall from Section 3.5.3 that non-unitary (non-reversible) quantum operations can be simulated by unitary (reversible) quantum gates if we allow the possibility of adding an ancilla and of discarding some output qubits. A circuit diagram describing a superoperator being implemented using a unitary operator is illustrated in Figure 4.2. In the example of Figure 4.1, the 4-qubit state |ψi⟩= |0⟩⊗ |0⟩⊗ |0⟩⊗ |0⟩ enters the circuit at the left (recall we often write this state as |ψi⟩ = |0⟩|0⟩|0⟩|0⟩ or |ψi⟩ = |0000⟩.) These qubits are processed by the gates U1, U2, U3, and U4. At the output of the circuit we have the collective (possibly entangled) 4-qubit state |ψf⟩. A measurement is then made of the resulting state. The measurement will often be a simple qubit-by-qubit measurement in the computational basis, but in some cases may be a more general measurement of the joint state. A measurement of a single qubit in the computational basis is denoted on a circuit diagram by a small triangle, as shown in Figure 4.1 (there are other symbols used in the literature, but we adopt this one). The triangle symbol will be modified for cases in which there is a need to indicate different types of measurements.R50