International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
Quantum-Inspired Optimisation for Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence: A Critical Comparative Review of Algorithms, Scalability, and Practical Applicability
The increasing complexity of artificial intelligence (AI) has created a need for effective optimisation of highdimensional, nonlinear, and computationally expensive problems. Quantum-inspired optimisation provides an alternative approach by employing quantum-inspired representations and search mechanisms within classical computing systems. This review examines major approaches, including Quantum-Inspired Evolutionary Algorithms (QIEA), Quantum-Inspired Genetic Algorithms (QIGA), Quantum-Inspired Particle Swarm Optimisation (QIPSO), quantum annealing-related approaches, and hybrid methods. Their applications in machine learning, feature selection, hyperparameter optimisation, reinforcement learning, healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, robotics, and smart manufacturing are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on solution quality, convergence behaviour, computational cost, scalability, robustness, and reproducibility. The review identifies inconsistent benchmarking, parameter sensitivity, computational overhead, and limited reproducibility as major challenges. The findings indicate that quantum-inspired optimisation should not be considered universally superior to classical optimisation, as its effectiveness depends on problem structure and evaluation conditions. Future research should focus on scalable, hybrid, explainable, and reproducible optimisation frameworks for realistic large-scale AI applications.
The increasing complexity of artificial intelligence (AI) has created a need for effective optimisation of highdimensional, nonlinear, and computationally expensive problems. Quantum-inspired optimisation provides an alternative approach by employing quantum-inspired representations and search mechanisms within classical computing systems. This review examines major approaches, including Quantum-Inspired Evolutionary Algorithms (QIEA), Quantum-Inspired Genetic Algorithms (QIGA), Quantum-Inspired Particle Swarm Optimisation (QIPSO), quantum annealing-related approaches, and hybrid methods. Their applications in machine learning, feature selection, hyperparameter optimisation, reinforcement learning, healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, robotics, and smart manufacturing are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on solution quality, convergence behaviour, computational cost, scalability, robustness, and reproducibility. The review identifies inconsistent benchmarking, parameter sensitivity, computational overhead, and limited reproducibility as major challenges. The findings indicate that quantum-inspired optimisation should not be considered universally superior to classical optimisation, as its effectiveness depends on problem structure and evaluation conditions. Future research should focus on scalable, hybrid, explainable, and reproducible optimisation frameworks for realistic large-scale AI applications.
Quantum-inspired algorithms (QIAs) are computationally efficient algorithms that generate a quantum model in classical hardware as an alternative to the use of quantum models. In this research paper, the researchers carried out an experimental appraisal of four quantum-inspired algorithms in quantum-inspired Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA), quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO), quantum-inspired Genetic Algorithm (QIGA) and quantum Simulated Annealing (QSA) on benchmark optimization functions. The introduction of a simulation-based methodology was done in Python to test the convergence speed, global search capability, accuracy and robustness. According to the experimental findings, QPSO always performs well compared with other methods in the achievement of faster convergence and enhanced global optimality, but QEA is highly successful in cases of discrete combinatorial problems. The paper concludes that quantum-inspired models are effective in modeling the key quantum concepts like probabilistic superposition and tunneling to attain high quality optimization results with conventional computing platforms. Such results demonstrate the opportunities of QIAs as scalable pre-quantum tools of designing, AI, and industrial optimization.
The field of Quantum Artificial Intelligence (Quantum AI) has emerged as a promising interdisciplinary research area where the computational power of quantum computing is merged with the learning and decision-making power of AI. The application of quantum principles such as superposition, entanglement and quantum interference to machine learning algorithms has created new possibilities for solving problems that may be difficult to solve by classical machines. In the last few years, advances in Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices have helped to speed advances in Quantum Machine Learning (QML) algorithms, Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs), Quantum Support Vector Machines (QSVMs), Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs) and hybrid learning algorithms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the research in the field of Quantum AI from 2020 to 2026, covering the key concepts, novel architectures, algorithmic advancements, and practical applications. A critical assessment of the application of Quantum AI in fields such as healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, scientific computing and optimization problems is provided, and the benefits of quantum-enhanced learning models are discussed. In addition, common difficulties such as quantum hardware limitations, sensitivity to noise, encoding of data, scalability constraints and a lack of speed in training variational quantum circuits are discussed. The review also covers new avenues of research, including trustworthy quantum machine learning, explainable Quantum AI, quantum federated learning, and fault-tolerant quantum computing. The results suggest while practical large-scale deployment is currently limited by existing hardware capabilities, hybrid quantum-classical systems have great potential to rapidly move intelligent data processing and develop next-generation AI systems.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) continues to drive innovation across industries, but faces mounting challenges in computational scalability, optimization, and interpretability as models grow increasingly complex. Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI) offers a promising path forward by leveraging quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to augment learning processes beyond classical limits. This review synthesizes the recent progress in QAI, emphasizing a comparative perspective framed through its advantages and limitations. It examines how hybrid quantum-classical architectures and variational models seek to address constraints in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era, and how applications in healthcare, finance, and cybersecurity illustrate both the potential and the barriers of the field. While several studies have broadly mapped the growth of QAI in algorithms and applications, this paper adopts a different perspective: emphasizing comparative analysis through advantages and limitations. The focus is on where QAI offers unique opportunities, where it encounters obstacles distinct from classical AI and quantum computing, and what research directions may transform these challenges into breakthroughs. By situating QAI within this comparative framework, the paper provides a realistic yet forward-looking assessment of its trajectory as a paradigm poised to reshape computational intelligence.
Artificial intelligence has become a transformative technology for predictive modelling across scientific, industrial, financial, and healthcare applications. However, the increasing complexity of large-scale datasets, high-dimensional feature spaces, and computationally intensive learning algorithms has exposed significant limitations in conventional computing architectures. Recent developments in quantum computing and high-performance computing have created unprecedented opportunities to accelerate artificial intelligence by improving computational efficiency, optimization capability, and predictive accuracy. This paper presents a comprehensive study of a quantum-driven artificial intelligence framework that integrates quantum algorithms with high-performance computing infrastructure to enhance predictive modelling performance. The proposed framework combines quantum-enhanced optimization, parallel heterogeneous computing, distributed data processing, and hybrid machine learning architectures to address computational bottlenecks encountered in conventional predictive systems. The study reviews recent developments in quantum artificial intelligence, evaluates emerging computational paradigms, identifies current research challenges, and proposes a scalable architecture suitable for future intelligent decision-support systems. The findings demonstrate that integrating quantum computation with high-performance computing can significantly improve prediction quality, optimization efficiency, scalability, and computational sustainability across diverse application domains while establishing a foundation for next-generation intelligent computing environments.
Quantum-Inspired Evolutionary Algorithms (QIEAs) represent a novel fusion of quantum computing principles and classical evolutionary strategies, offering a powerful approach to solving complex optimization problems. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview, detailing foundational concepts, implementation techniques, and potential applications of QIEAs. By leveraging quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement, QIEAs enhance the exploitation and exploration capabilities of traditional evolutionary algorithms (EAs), thus enabling an efficient search of vast solution spaces. The study examines key components of QIEA, including quantum encoding, rotation gates, and entanglement operations, and compares its performance with classical EAs. By analyzing real-life examples of combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) such as the minimum spanning tree (MST), traveling salesman problem (TSP), and graph coloring, the chapter demonstrates QIEA’s superior efficiency and solution quality. Despite implementation challenges, QIEA shows promise in various domains, including machine learning, finance, healthcare, telecommunications, and e-commerce. Future research directions are outlined, emphasizing the need for simplified quantum-inspired operators, hybrid quantum-classical systems, and interdisciplinary collaboration. This chapter highlights the transformative potential of QIEA, setting the stage for further advancements and applications in optimization and computational efficiency.
Industrial engineering increasingly depends on solving large-scale optimization problems involving scheduling, routing, resource allocation, inventory control, energy management, and supply-chain coordination. Classical exact methods often become computationally expensive when problem size, uncertainty, and combinatorial complexity grow rapidly. Although practical quantum computers are still developing, quantum-inspired computing approaches have emerged as powerful alternatives that adapt principles from quantum mechanics to run on classical hardware. This paper investigates quantum-inspired computing approaches for complex optimization problems in industrial engineering. It examines methodologies including simulated annealing, tensor-network optimization, Ising formulations, quantum- inspired evolutionary algorithms, digital annealers, and hybrid classical-intelligent heuristics. Applications in production scheduling, facility layout, vehicle routing, maintenance planning, portfolio optimization, warehouse operations, and smart manufacturing are analyzed. Particular attention is given to solution quality, scalability, stochastic decision-making, real-time adaptability, and integration with Industry 4.0 data systems. Benefits include faster near-optimal solutions, improved operational efficiency, reduced energy consumption, and better responsiveness under uncertainty. Major challenges include formulation difficulty, parameter tuning, benchmarking inconsistency, interpretability, and transition barriers within traditional industrial workflows. A future roadmap is proposed involving hybrid quantum-classical ecosystems, AI- guided optimization engines, digital twins, and autonomous decision platforms. The paper concludes that quantum-inspired computing can deliver practical industrial value today by bridging the gap between conventional optimization and future quantum advantage, especially in environments where speed, flexibility, and complexity management are essential.