Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Relativistic 4-Symmetrical Transactional Model of Quantum Optics: Electromagnetic Interactions as a Boundary Value Problem in Minkowski Space

A. S. Chirtsov

Published Aug 16, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper introduces a conceptually refined, relativistically invariant 4-symmetrical transactional model of radiative processes in quantum optics. The proposed framework completely eliminates the concept of a free photon as an independent energy-carrying particle during flight and resolves the paradox of the non-local stochastic collapse of the wave function. Within this model, electromagnetic interaction is formulated as a continuous boundary value problem in four-dimensional Minkowski space, directly developing the principles of Wheeler-Feynman direct interparticle action.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.21964938

Related papers

The Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory, the Einstein-Podolski-Rosen paradox, and stochastic electrodynamics

Kuni Imaeda, Mari Imaeda

The classical Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory with a postulate of Lorentz-invariant zero-point electromagnetic radiation is proposed to explain quantum phenomena in a similar manner to that of stochastic electrodynamics. For this purpose, Cramer's model of a 'Minimum emitter-absorber transaction' is extended to the case where zero-point radiation exists, in the context of the classical Wheeler-Feynman theory. The Einstein-Podolski-Rosen paradox and the quantum levels of a charged simple harmonic oscillator are derived from the theory. It is shown that the condition for a transaction plays an essential role, such as in the radiative balance of a simple harmonic oscillator.

Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General•Apr 1, 1982•3 citations

The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics

J. G. Cramer

The interpretational problems of quantum mechanics are considered. The way in which the standard Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics deals with these problems is reviewed. A new interpretation of the formalism of quantum mechanics, the transactional interpretation, is presented. The basic element of this interpretation is the transaction describing a quantum event as an exchange of advanced and retarded waves, as implied by the work of Wheeler and Feynman, Dirac, and others. The transactional interpretation is explicitly nonlocal and thereby consistent with recent tests of the Bell inequality, yet is relativistically invariant and fully causal. A detailed comparison of the transactional and Copenhagen interpretations is made in the context of well-known quantum-mechanical Gedankenexperimente and "paradoxes." The transactional interpretation permits quantum-mechanical wave functions to be interpreted as real waves physically present in space rather than as "mathematical representations of knowledge" as in the Copenhagen interpretation. The transactional interpretation is shown to provide insight into the complex character of the quantum-mechanical state vector and the mechanism associated with its "collapse." It also leads in a natural way to justification of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the Born probability law ($P=\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{*}$), basic elements of the Copenhagen interpretation.

Reviews of Modern Physics•Jul 1, 1986•854 citations

Quantum Optical Mechanics

H. J. Spencer

This is the sixth report on a new research programme investigating the electromagnetic (EM) interaction. This paper analyzes the effects of interactions arising from multiple, remote electrons on one or several, local ‘target’ electrons. These interactions are the result of the new quantized form of the EM impulse introduced in the previous paper. This model is used to re-interpret various optical effects that have previously required the existence of a fundamental object known as ‘LIGHT’: a basic entity, considered to be either a particle or a wave (or even both? - the ‘photon’) that travels across space. In contrast, this new EM model is constructed upon the key role of the ‘light’ emission processes, categorized as either oscillatory (as in antenna) or transitory (as within atoms). These real emission processes are now integrated into the asynchronous action-at-a-distance model of the EM interaction that is the basis of this new theory. Mathematically, this new model describes algebraically how variable or periodic phenomena (that have been assumed require the use of waves) can be explained by periodic, asynchronous, remote interactions between point particles without any use of differential equations (including the wave equation). This paper now extends the earlier pair-wise interaction between two electrons into the many-body world of macroscopic reality. The two key ideas of interaction saturation and selection are now introduced, which totally differentiate this theory from all other theories constructed around universal, continuous interaction (or ‘force’) models. By eliminating all the ray, wave and photon models of ‘light’ this paper now extends the original Newtonian mechanical philosophy of nature to the major domain of optics: both classical and quantum. The emphasis is on the electrons and on the relationship between electrons and not on some hypothetical ‘carrier’ that travels between them – this is the Newtonian action-at-a-distance particulate model extended to multiple times. The idea of selection leads to the introduction of information waves that identify the location and velocities of all other electrons that might participate in a ray-like exchange of momentum between pairs of electrons (saturation) that always act like particles (real trajectories across space). These supra-luminal waves do not carry momentum but ensure that the interaction minimizes the exchange of action across a non-local region of space. This new model resolves the long-time paradox of electrons as waves or particles: electrons are seen here as real point particles that interact periodically (rather than continuously) together; the focus is on the relationship between them that can be described by the discrete mathematics of particles or the periodic mathematics usually associated with waves. This paper includes the first analytical solution to the 3D scattering of two electrons – in the center-of-mass frame of reference both electrons are shown to go in quantized spiraling, conical motions: towards each other and then away from each other. The present theory provides an alternative to Feynman’s mathematical approach to “the mysterious properties of light” while providing a physical explanation for some of the calculational diagrams introduced by Feynman in his approach to quantum electrodynamics (QED). This now replaces all field theories of ‘light’ without introducing the concept of the photon or virtual particles and so eliminates all QED infinities in the physical properties associated with the interactions of electrons arising from the false idea of vacuum polarization, returning the vacuum to its Newtonian role as the passive, empty space between real particles. This new EM theory establishes a firm foundation for a new quantum theory that covers all scales of nature from the macroscopic to the heart of the atomic nucleus, while covering the complete range of interaction sets from a pair of electrons to the myriads of electrons existing in macroscopic objects. The next (companion) paper will explain the wave-like properties of electrons while providing a new, comprehensive theory of quantum measurement. This next paper will finally establish the critical link between the realistic model of the micro-world introduced so far and the macroscopic world of scientific measurements. * Surrey B.C. Canada (604) 542-2299spsi99@telus.net © H. J. Spencer Version 1.340 23-06-201Begun 23-06-2010 (pp. 133; 97Kw, 1900KB)

•Dec 1, 2016•0 citations

On Real and Virtual Photons in the Davies Theory of Time-Symmetric Quantum Electrodynamics

R. E. Kastner

This paper explores the distinction between virtual and real photons in the context of the Davies quantum relativistic extension of the Wheeler-Feynman classical electromagnetic theory. An alternative way of understanding this distinction is proposed, based on the transactional model.

arXiv:1312.4007•Dec 14, 2013•3 citations

The Relativistic Transactional Interpretation

Ruth E. Kastner

In this chapter, the fully relativistic form of the transactional interpretation is presented in terms of the Davies quantum direct-action theory (QDAT). Aspects of the QDAT are clarified and reinterpreted. Specifically, the coupling constant (charge) is identified as the basic amplitude for the generation of offers and confirmations, which herald the onset of non-unitarity constituting the measurement interaction. Thus, the QDAT has both unitary and non-unitary processes, the former being force-type interactions mediated by virtual photons and the latter being radiative processes in which energy is transferred via real photons. The nature of the so-called light-tight box condition for the quantum level is clarified, and it is noted that no particular cosmological structure is required for this to be fulfilled. It is argued that RTI has advantages over another relativistic collapse-type theory, rGRWf.

Cambridge University Press eBooks•Apr 22, 2022•0 citations

Einstein-Podolski-Rosen Paradox and Stochastic Wheeler-Feynman Absorber Theory

Kuninosuke Imaeda, Mari Imaeda

The basic idea of the theory developed in a previous paper : the theory of stochastic electrodynamics with classical Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory, the character of the Lorentz invariant zero point radiation and a minimum "emitter-absorber transaction" of Cramer extended to the case where the zero point radiation exists, has been studied.

岡山理科大学紀要. A, 自然科学•Jan 1, 1982•0 citations
This paper introduces a conceptually refined, relativistically invariant 4-symmetrical transactional model of radiative processes in quantum optics. The proposed framework completely eliminates the concept of a free photon as an independent energy-carrying particle during flight and resolves the paradox of the non-local stochastic collapse of the wave function. Within this model, electromagnetic interaction is formulated as a continuous boundary value problem in four-dimensional Minkowski space, directly developing the principles of Wheeler-Feynman direct interparticle action.
The classical Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory with a postulate of Lorentz-invariant zero-point electromagnetic radiation is proposed to explain quantum phenomena in a similar manner to that of stochastic electrodynamics. For this purpose, Cramer's model of a 'Minimum emitter-absorber transaction' is extended to the case where zero-point radiation exists, in the context of the classical Wheeler-Feynman theory. The Einstein-Podolski-Rosen paradox and the quantum levels of a charged simple harmonic oscillator are derived from the theory. It is shown that the condition for a transaction plays an essential role, such as in the radiative balance of a simple harmonic oscillator.
The interpretational problems of quantum mechanics are considered. The way in which the standard Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics deals with these problems is reviewed. A new interpretation of the formalism of quantum mechanics, the transactional interpretation, is presented. The basic element of this interpretation is the transaction describing a quantum event as an exchange of advanced and retarded waves, as implied by the work of Wheeler and Feynman, Dirac, and others. The transactional interpretation is explicitly nonlocal and thereby consistent with recent tests of the Bell inequality, yet is relativistically invariant and fully causal. A detailed comparison of the transactional and Copenhagen interpretations is made in the context of well-known quantum-mechanical Gedankenexperimente and "paradoxes." The transactional interpretation permits quantum-mechanical wave functions to be interpreted as real waves physically present in space rather than as "mathematical representations of knowledge" as in the Copenhagen interpretation. The transactional interpretation is shown to provide insight into the complex character of the quantum-mechanical state vector and the mechanism associated with its "collapse." It also leads in a natural way to justification of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the Born probability law ($P=\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{*}$), basic elements of the Copenhagen interpretation.
This is the sixth report on a new research programme investigating the electromagnetic (EM) interaction. This paper analyzes the effects of interactions arising from multiple, remote electrons on one or several, local ‘target’ electrons. These interactions are the result of the new quantized form of the EM impulse introduced in the previous paper. This model is used to re-interpret various optical effects that have previously required the existence of a fundamental object known as ‘LIGHT’: a basic entity, considered to be either a particle or a wave (or even both? - the ‘photon’) that travels across space. In contrast, this new EM model is constructed upon the key role of the ‘light’ emission processes, categorized as either oscillatory (as in antenna) or transitory (as within atoms). These real emission processes are now integrated into the asynchronous action-at-a-distance model of the EM interaction that is the basis of this new theory. Mathematically, this new model describes algebraically how variable or periodic phenomena (that have been assumed require the use of waves) can be explained by periodic, asynchronous, remote interactions between point particles without any use of differential equations (including the wave equation). This paper now extends the earlier pair-wise interaction between two electrons into the many-body world of macroscopic reality. The two key ideas of interaction saturation and selection are now introduced, which totally differentiate this theory from all other theories constructed around universal, continuous interaction (or ‘force’) models. By eliminating all the ray, wave and photon models of ‘light’ this paper now extends the original Newtonian mechanical philosophy of nature to the major domain of optics: both classical and quantum. The emphasis is on the electrons and on the relationship between electrons and not on some hypothetical ‘carrier’ that travels between them – this is the Newtonian action-at-a-distance particulate model extended to multiple times. The idea of selection leads to the introduction of information waves that identify the location and velocities of all other electrons that might participate in a ray-like exchange of momentum between pairs of electrons (saturation) that always act like particles (real trajectories across space). These supra-luminal waves do not carry momentum but ensure that the interaction minimizes the exchange of action across a non-local region of space. This new model resolves the long-time paradox of electrons as waves or particles: electrons are seen here as real point particles that interact periodically (rather than continuously) together; the focus is on the relationship between them that can be described by the discrete mathematics of particles or the periodic mathematics usually associated with waves. This paper includes the first analytical solution to the 3D scattering of two electrons – in the center-of-mass frame of reference both electrons are shown to go in quantized spiraling, conical motions: towards each other and then away from each other. The present theory provides an alternative to Feynman’s mathematical approach to “the mysterious properties of light” while providing a physical explanation for some of the calculational diagrams introduced by Feynman in his approach to quantum electrodynamics (QED). This now replaces all field theories of ‘light’ without introducing the concept of the photon or virtual particles and so eliminates all QED infinities in the physical properties associated with the interactions of electrons arising from the false idea of vacuum polarization, returning the vacuum to its Newtonian role as the passive, empty space between real particles. This new EM theory establishes a firm foundation for a new quantum theory that covers all scales of nature from the macroscopic to the heart of the atomic nucleus, while covering the complete range of interaction sets from a pair of electrons to the myriads of electrons existing in macroscopic objects. The next (companion) paper will explain the wave-like properties of electrons while providing a new, comprehensive theory of quantum measurement. This next paper will finally establish the critical link between the realistic model of the micro-world introduced so far and the macroscopic world of scientific measurements. * Surrey B.C. Canada (604) 542-2299spsi99@telus.net © H. J. Spencer Version 1.340 23-06-201Begun 23-06-2010 (pp. 133; 97Kw, 1900KB)
In this chapter, the fully relativistic form of the transactional interpretation is presented in terms of the Davies quantum direct-action theory (QDAT). Aspects of the QDAT are clarified and reinterpreted. Specifically, the coupling constant (charge) is identified as the basic amplitude for the generation of offers and confirmations, which herald the onset of non-unitarity constituting the measurement interaction. Thus, the QDAT has both unitary and non-unitary processes, the former being force-type interactions mediated by virtual photons and the latter being radiative processes in which energy is transferred via real photons. The nature of the so-called light-tight box condition for the quantum level is clarified, and it is noted that no particular cosmological structure is required for this to be fulfilled. It is argued that RTI has advantages over another relativistic collapse-type theory, rGRWf.