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General circuit mapping solution for neutral atom quantum computers

N.S. Gentil

Published Mar 10, 2026• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Neutral atom quantum computers (NAQCs) are emerging as a highly promising platform for scalable quantum computing, thanks to their long qubit coherence times, flexible qubit layouts, and ability to implement multi-qubit gates [1]. Despite these advantages,executing circuits often requires moving qubits physically, which makes compilation a crucial and challenging optimization task. To address this, we developed a circuit-independent compiler framework based on graph theory that determines the minimum number of qubit transfers needed, including those involved in multi-qubit gates. This model captures the spatial restrictions inherent to NAQC platforms with zone-limited gate operations. Using this framework, we formulated the qubit mapping problem as a nonlinear integer program and solved it with a genetic algorithm, enabling control over trade-offs between the total distance qubits travel and the number of parallel transfer operations (PTOs). When benchmarked against the leading ZAC compiler [2], our approach consistently reduces the number of qubit transfers. Depending on the optimization goal, it can either shorten the overall travel distance or minimize PTOs. The work presented in this poster thus provides a tool for efficient, architecture-aware quantum circuit compilation. [1] Ludwig Schmid et al, “Computational capabilities and compiler development for neutral atom quantum processors—connecting tool developers and hardware experts”, Quantum Sci. Technol. 9 033001, doi: 10.1088/2058-9565/ad33ac (2024) [2] W. Lin, D. B. Tan and J. Cong, “Reuse-Aware Compilation for Zoned Quantum Architectures Based on Neutral Atoms”, IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2025, pp. 127-142, doi: 10.1109/HPCA61900.2025.00021 (2025

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Neutral atom quantum computers (NAQCs) are emerging as a highly promising platform for scalable quantum computing, thanks to their long qubit coherence times, flexible qubit layouts, and ability to implement multi-qubit gates [1]. Despite these advantages,executing circuits often requires moving qubits physically, which makes compilation a crucial and challenging optimization task. To address this, we developed a circuit-independent compiler framework based on graph theory that determines the minimum number of qubit transfers needed, including those involved in multi-qubit gates. This model captures the spatial restrictions inherent to NAQC platforms with zone-limited gate operations. Using this framework, we formulated the qubit mapping problem as a nonlinear integer program and solved it with a genetic algorithm, enabling control over trade-offs between the total distance qubits travel and the number of parallel transfer operations (PTOs). When benchmarked against the leading ZAC compiler [2], our approach consistently reduces the number of qubit transfers. Depending on the optimization goal, it can either shorten the overall travel distance or minimize PTOs. The work presented in this poster thus provides a tool for efficient, architecture-aware quantum circuit compilation. [1] Ludwig Schmid et al, “Computational capabilities and compiler development for neutral atom quantum processors—connecting tool developers and hardware experts”, Quantum Sci. Technol. 9 033001, doi: 10.1088/2058-9565/ad33ac (2024) [2] W. Lin, D. B. Tan and J. Cong, “Reuse-Aware Compilation for Zoned Quantum Architectures Based on Neutral Atoms”, IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2025, pp. 127-142, doi: 10.1109/HPCA61900.2025.00021 (2025
Neutral atom quantum computers (NAQC) are emerging as a promising, scalable quantum computing platform because of their long qubit coherence, flexible qubit arrangement, and multiqubit gate capabilities. However, circuit execution often requires physically moving qubits, making compilation a critical optimization challenge. We propose a circuit independent mathematical framework built on graph-theoretic combinatorial optimization that determines the minimal number of required qubit transfers. This model captures spatial constraints specific to NAQC platforms with zone-limited gate operations and multi-qubit gates. From this framework, we encode the qubit mapping problem as a nonlinear integer program and solve it using a genetic algorithm, enabling trade-offs between minimizing the total traveled distance and the number of parallel transfer operations. Compared to the state-of-the-art scalable compiler for zoned architectures, our approach consistently finds fewer transfers. Depending on the optimization focus, our method produces shorter traveled distances or fewer parallel transfer operations. This work provides both theoretical guaranties and a practical tool for efficient, architecture-aware quantum circuit compilation. As a result, practitioners can generate hardware-aware mappings that reduce movement-induced errors and better exploit atom transfer parallelism, directly improving execution efficiency on NAQC devices.
Neutral Atom Quantum Computing (NAQC) emerges as a promising hardware platform primarily due to its long coherence times and scalability. Additionally, NAQC offers computational advantages encompassing potential long-range connectivity, native multi-qubit gate support, and the ability to physically rearrange qubits with high fidelity. However, for the successful operation of a NAQC processor, one additionally requires new software tools to translate high-level algorithmic descriptions into a hardware executable representation, taking maximal advantage of the hardware capabilities. Realizing new software tools requires a close connection between tool developers and hardware experts to ensure that the corresponding software tools obey the corresponding physical constraints. This work aims to provide a basis to establish this connection by investigating the broad spectrum of capabilities intrinsic to the NAQC platform and its implications on the compilation process. To this end, we first review the physical background of NAQC and derive how it affects the overall compilation process by formulating suitable constraints and figures of merit. We then provide a summary of the compilation process and discuss currently available software tools in this overview. Finally, we present selected case studies and employ the discussed figures of merit to evaluate the different capabilities of NAQC and compare them between two hardware setups.
Neutral atom Quantum Processing Units (QPUs) are emerging as a popular quantum computing technology due to their large qubit counts and flexible connectivity. However, performance challenges arise as large circuits experience significant fidelity drops, while small circuits underutilize hardware and face initialization latency issues. To tackle these problems, we propose multi-programming on neutral atom QPUs\textit{multi-programming on neutral atom QPUs}multi-programming on neutral atom QPUs, allowing the co-execution of multiple circuits by logically partitioning the qubit array. This approach increases resource utilization and mitigates initialization latency while maintaining result fidelity. Currently, state-of-the-art compilers for neutral atom architectures do not support multi-programming. To fill this gap, we introduce MultiQ, the first system designed for this purpose. MultiQ addresses three main challenges: (i) it compiles circuits into a virtual zone layout\textit{virtual zone layout}virtual zone layout to optimize spatio-temporal hardware utilization; (ii) it parallelizes the execution of co-located circuits, allowing single hardware instructions to operate on different circuits; and (iii) it includes an algorithm to verify the functional independence of the bundled circuits. MultiQ functions as a cross-layer system comprising a compiler, controller, and checker. Our compiler generates \emph{virtual zone layouts} to enhance performance, while the controller efficiently maps these layouts onto the hardware and resolves any conflicts. The checker ensures the correct bundling of circuits. Experimental results show a throughput increase from 3.8×\times× to 12.3×\times× when multi-programming 4 to 14 circuits, with fidelity largely maintained, ranging from a 1.3% improvement for four circuits to only a 3.5% loss for fourteen circuits. Overall, MultiQ facilitates concurrent execution of multiple quantum circuits, boosting throughput and hardware utilization.
Abstract Neutral Atom Quantum Computing(NAQC) emerges as a promising hardware platform primarily due to its long coherence times and scalability. Additionally, NAQC offers computational advantages encompassing potential long-range connectivity, native multi-qubit gate support, and the ability to physically rearrange qubits with high fidelity. However, for the successful operation of a NAQC processor, one additionally requires new software tools to translate high-level algorithmic descriptions into a hardware executable representation, taking maximal advantage of the hardware capabilities. Realizing new software tools requires a close connection between tool developers and hardware experts to ensure that the corresponding software tools obey the corresponding physical constraints. This work aims to provide a basis to establish this connection by investigating the broad spectrum of capabilities intrinsic to the NAQC platform and its implications on the compilation process. To this end, we first review the physical background of NAQC and derive how it affects the overall compilation process by formulating suitable constraints and figures of merit. We then provide a summary of the compilation process and discuss currently available software tools in this overview. Finally, we present selected case studies and employ the discussed figures of merit to evaluate the different capabilities of NAQC and compare them between two hardware setups.
As a less developed but potential quantum technology, neutral atoms (NAs) can provide advantages, including higher qubit connectivity, longer-range interactions, and much more native multicontrol gates than superconductivity. Long-range interactions, however, prevent parallelism of interacting qubit pairs with their surrounding restriction zones. Therefore, the quantum program cannot be run directly on an NA quantum computer (NAQC) unless compiled. The recent compiling study of NAQC applies simple layer-by-layer scheduling and does not consider the difference in gate duration. To address the above issues, we focus on the qubit mapping and quantum gate scheduling (M&S) problem of quantum circuits to meet hardware constraints of superconductivity and even NAs. Our goal is to shorten the execution time to mitigate decoherence noise. We propose a block-game-like abstraction mechanism TETRIS which is an abstract model of the M&S problem and aware of the duration difference of gates and several other NA characteristics. Based on the abstraction, we propose a heuristic greedy algorithm (HGA) to solve the M&S problem efficiently. To further speed up the execution of the circuit, we embed HGA into a Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) framework to solve the M&S problem, which consumes more compiling time but achieves a better result. Comparing our MCTS algorithm with the only recent M&S algorithm for NAQC, the average speedup ratio is$1.75\times $for several quantum circuits collected from RevLib, and$1.18\times $for circuits from Qiskit Lib.
Neutral-atom quantum computing (NAQC) offers distinct advantages such as dynamic qubit reconfigurability, long coherence times, and high gate fidelities, making it a promising platform for scalable quantum computing. Among existing implementations, the Dynamically Field-Programmable Qubit Array (DPQA) architecture has emerged as the most prominent NAQC platform, enabling large-scale, high-fidelity operations through dynamic atom rearrangement and global Rydberg excitation. Despite these strengths, efficiently implementing quantum circuits like the Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) remains a significant challenge due to atom-movement overheads and connectivity constraints. This paper introduces optimal compilation strategies tailored to QFT circuits on the DPQA architecture, addressing these challenges for both linear and grid-like configurations. By minimizing atom movements, the proposed methods achieve theoretical lower bounds in movement counts while preserving high circuit fidelity. Comparative evaluations against state-of-the-art DPQA compilers demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed methods, which could serve as benchmarks for evaluating the performance of future DPQA compilers.