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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics

Postquantum Authentication for Resource-Asymmetric IoT Systems With Dual-PQC Signatures

Kyung‐Ah Shim, Hyeokdong Kwon

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/tii.2026.3705573

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arXiv:2605.13698•May 13, 2026•0 citations
Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a common communication protocol used in the Internet of Things (IoT). MQTT is a simple, lightweight messaging protocol used to establish communication between multiple devices relying on the publish–subscribe model. However, the protocol does not provide authentication, and most proposals to incorporate it lose their lightweight feature and do not consider the future risk of quantum attacks. IoT devices are generally resource-constrained, and postquantum cryptography is often more computationally resource-intensive compared to current cryptographic standards, adding to the complexity of the transition. In this paper, we use the postquantum digital signature scheme CRYSTALS-Dilithium to provide authentication for MQTT and determine what the CPU, memory and disk usage are when doing so. We further investigate another possibility to provide authentication when using MQTT, namely a key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) trick proposed in 2020 for transport level security (TLS). Such a trick is claimed to save up to 90% in CPU cycles. We use the postquantum KEM scheme CRYSTALS-KYBER and compare the resulting CPU, memory and disk usages with traditional authentication. We found that the use of KEM for authentication resulted in a speed increase of 25 ms, a saving of 71%. There were some extra costs for memory but this is minimal enough to be acceptable for most IoT devices.
The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has introduced millions of resource-constrained devices into critical infrastructures, consumer environments, and industrial systems. These devices rely on lightweight communication protocols such as MQTT to support low-power, intermittent, and bandwidth-limited operation. However, common TLS algorithms used to secure MQTT communications are vulnerable to quantum attacks made feasible by Shor's algorithm. As a result, IoT infrastructures must evaluate and adopt post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) methods capable of providing long-term resilience. This report investigates the implementation of PQC algorithms within an MQTT-based IoT networks using three Raspberry Pis. Specifically, it integrates the FALCON digital signature scheme, one of NIST's selected post-quantum signature algorithms, to maintain message authenticity and integrity across resource-constrained MQTT clients and brokers. By measuring system performance, the research characterizes the practical trade-offs of deploying lattice-based PQC on lightweight hardware.