Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Deterministic Classical Chemistry: A Non‑Quantum Field Theory Based on the Information Fluid

Yousefi

Published Aug 11, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract: We present a fully classical and deterministic framework for chemistry that does not rely on any of the postulates of quantum mechanics.Matter is described as a continuous, fluid‑like medium whose evolution is governed by the classical equations of hydrodynamics.In this picture, atoms, molecules, chemical bonds, spectra, and reaction rates all emerge naturally from the motion and interaction of this fluid, without requiring Planck’s constant or any other quantum concept.The theory provides a self‑consistent account of chemical phenomena and yields testable predictions.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.21886370

Related papers

Deterministic quantum mechanics: An easy access to the quantum world

Luis Álvarez, Irmgard Frank

The application of modern quantum chemical methods to the simulation of chemical reactions makes it obvious that the Copenhagen picture of quantum mechanics cannot be maintained. In ab-initio molecular dynamics methods, any kind of matter is described by applying the Schrödinger equation to the electronic structure and using classical Newton dynamics for the motion of the atomic nuclei. By lots of calculations on this basis, it has become obvious that this concept is superior to a quantum chemical description of nuclear motion. The nuclei move according to Newton's laws in a perfectly local and deterministic way while the surrounding electronic cloud determines bonding and antibonding interactions between the atoms. The resulting theory is a deterministic formulation of quantum mechanics which is free from paradoxa and is able to explain complex phenomena like photochemistry. An obvious consequence is that molecules like ammonia can have a permanent dipole moment in spectroscopic measurements, while consistent application of traditional quantum mechanics predicts a higher symmetry as is outlined in the paper.

•Jul 14, 2025•0 citations

Schroedinger vs. Navier–Stokes

Pedro Fernández de Córdoba, J. M. Isidro, Joan Vázquez Molina

Quantum mechanics has been argued to be a coarse-graining of some underlying deterministic theory. Here we support this view by establishing a map between certain solutions of the Schroedinger equation, and the corresponding solutions of the irrotational Navier–Stokes equation for viscous fluid flow. As a physical model for the fluid itself we propose the quantum probability fluid. It turns out that the (state-dependent) viscosity of this fluid is proportional to Planck’s constant, while the volume density of entropy is proportional to Boltzmann’s constant. Stationary states have zero viscosity and a vanishing time rate of entropy density. On the other hand, the nonzero viscosity of nonstationary states provides an information-loss mechanism whereby a deterministic theory (a classical fluid governed by the Navier–Stokes equation) gives rise to an emergent theory (a quantum particle governed by the Schroedinger equation).

arXiv:1409.7036•Entropy•Jan 19, 2016•9 citations

Quantum Field Approaches to Chemical Systems

Reza Karimpour, Matteo Gori, Alexandre Tkatchenko

Quantum-matter theory (QMT), based on the Schrödinger or Dirac equations, is firmly established for both intra- and intermolecular interactions. However, there are two key issues with QMT. First, its applicability to large molecular complexes is hindered by the relatively high computational cost of the calculations required to achieve high accuracy. Second, fields are also quantum objects that produce many intriguing effects beyond standard QMT approaches to molecular systems. This review focuses on recent developments in quantum-field theory (QFT) approaches to both covalent and non-covalent interactions for molecules in vacuum and subject to environments such as cavities and solvents. QFT provides a rich playground for novel chemical theories and insights. For example, chemical reactions and van der Waals interactions can be manipulated by cavities, boundaries, and optical excitations; novel interactions emerge when molecules interact with quantized fields; systems with millions of atoms could soon be treated with coarse-grained QFT formalisms; and unexpected scaling laws for atomic and molecular properties can emerge when QFT is applied to sets of chemical systems. This review sets the stage for an exciting QFT-driven path for further development of chemical theory.

physics.chem-phCross-listedarXiv:2603.17582•Mar 19, 2026

Compressible fluid leading to deterministic quantum mechanics. I. Conceptual framework

Péter Vadász

A deterministic quantum mechanics theory is presented in a series of papers starting with the present one. The proposed theory is shown to be consistent with the current mainstream statistical quantum theory as well as with classical physics. It produces solutions, which demonstrate that causality, physical reality, and determinism are restored and can explain in simple form concerns that are raised by results from the current mainstream statistical quantum theory. The meaning of particle-wave duality and complementarity, the possibility of a particle, like the electron, to cross through the nucleus as it does when the angular momentum of the electron is zero at the ground state of the hydrogen atom, the possibility of a point-size particle to have an “intrinsic spin,” the possibility of “quantum jumps” as the electron transitions instantaneously from one stable orbital to another without passing through the space in between the orbitals and does that at irregular time intervals, and the natural collapse of the wave function as part of the solution are some of the results that emerge from the proposed deterministic quantum mechanics theory. The only postulate underlying the proposed theory is that the electron and most likely other sub-atomic particles behave like compressible fluids. The current paper also shows that quantum tunneling does not violate the energy balance because part of the electron-fluid can locally exceed the kinetic energy required to spill over the potential barrier. The phenomenon of entanglement is shown to be consistent with the proposed deterministic quantum mechanics theory. The Bohr–Schrödinger energy levels leading to the experimentally confirmed spectral lines, as well as the fine structure constant emerge directly from the solution of the equations governing the proposed deterministic quantum mechanics presented in Part II of these series of papers.

Physics of Fluids•Aug 1, 2025•1 citation

Overview of the complex but fruitful relationship between molecular chemistry and quantum mechanics, in celebration of the Year of Quantum Sciences and Technologies.

Giovanni Villani, Maria Vittoria Cubellis

The United Nations General Assembly has officially designated 2025 as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (IYQ). This global initiative, supported by UNESCO and co-sponsored by several countries, marks the centenary of quantum sciences, which encompass quantum mechanics, quantum chemistry, and related fields. These disciplines serve as the foundation for fundamental research across the natural sciences. Quantum mechanics provides the theoretical framework for understanding matter and energy at the microscopic scale. While public celebrations of the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology often showcase quantum technologies to engage a broader audience, it is crucial to remember that the emergence of quantum theory primarily represented a ground-breaking shift in the basic sciences. This article explores the complex relationship between quantum mechanics and concepts of traditional chemistry, particularly concerning the microscopic world of atoms and molecules. It highlights how quantum mechanics, a holistic and nonlocal theory, features concepts such as entanglement and the indistinguishability of components that challenge classical chemical notions of distinct interatomic interactions and well-defined molecular structures. While quantum mechanics excels at determining the overall stability and dynamics of the system, the article explains that quantum chemistry relies on the classical Born-Oppenheimer approximation to maintain the view of local interactions and identifiable atoms within a molecule. Then, the article discusses the historical development and limitations of transition state theory in explaining chemical reactions, highlighting chemistry’s specific focus on bond breaking and bond making as a fundamental explanatory principle.

Top Italian Scientists Journal•Sep 1, 2025•1 citation

Resolving Quantum Entanglement: A Deterministic Classical Framework from a Continuous Energy Field

Yousefi

Abstract: Quantum entanglement is one of the most remarkable phenomena in modern physics — a situation in which two particles, without any apparent physical connection, exhibit perfectly coordinated behaviour. This striking feature has led many to conclude that the universe must be fundamentally nonlocal. In this paper, we show that entanglement can be explained without any recourse to nonlocality, within a fully classical and deterministic framework. In this view, all physical phenomena arise from a single, continuous underlying substrate; what we call "entanglement" is simply a reflection of sharing this common foundation. The theory reproduces all known results of quantum experiments, including the violation of Bell inequalities, by relaxing the assumption of measurement independence — a step that is both physically motivated and locally consistent. A new testable prediction is also offered. The conclusion is that entanglement is not evidence of nonlocality, but rather a manifestation of the fundamental unity of nature

•Jul 15, 2026•0 citations
Abstract: We present a fully classical and deterministic framework for chemistry that does not rely on any of the postulates of quantum mechanics.Matter is described as a continuous, fluid‑like medium whose evolution is governed by the classical equations of hydrodynamics.In this picture, atoms, molecules, chemical bonds, spectra, and reaction rates all emerge naturally from the motion and interaction of this fluid, without requiring Planck’s constant or any other quantum concept.The theory provides a self‑consistent account of chemical phenomena and yields testable predictions.
The application of modern quantum chemical methods to the simulation of chemical reactions makes it obvious that the Copenhagen picture of quantum mechanics cannot be maintained. In ab-initio molecular dynamics methods, any kind of matter is described by applying the Schrödinger equation to the electronic structure and using classical Newton dynamics for the motion of the atomic nuclei. By lots of calculations on this basis, it has become obvious that this concept is superior to a quantum chemical description of nuclear motion. The nuclei move according to Newton's laws in a perfectly local and deterministic way while the surrounding electronic cloud determines bonding and antibonding interactions between the atoms. The resulting theory is a deterministic formulation of quantum mechanics which is free from paradoxa and is able to explain complex phenomena like photochemistry. An obvious consequence is that molecules like ammonia can have a permanent dipole moment in spectroscopic measurements, while consistent application of traditional quantum mechanics predicts a higher symmetry as is outlined in the paper.
Quantum mechanics has been argued to be a coarse-graining of some underlying deterministic theory. Here we support this view by establishing a map between certain solutions of the Schroedinger equation, and the corresponding solutions of the irrotational Navier–Stokes equation for viscous fluid flow. As a physical model for the fluid itself we propose the quantum probability fluid. It turns out that the (state-dependent) viscosity of this fluid is proportional to Planck’s constant, while the volume density of entropy is proportional to Boltzmann’s constant. Stationary states have zero viscosity and a vanishing time rate of entropy density. On the other hand, the nonzero viscosity of nonstationary states provides an information-loss mechanism whereby a deterministic theory (a classical fluid governed by the Navier–Stokes equation) gives rise to an emergent theory (a quantum particle governed by the Schroedinger equation).
Quantum-matter theory (QMT), based on the Schrödinger or Dirac equations, is firmly established for both intra- and intermolecular interactions. However, there are two key issues with QMT. First, its applicability to large molecular complexes is hindered by the relatively high computational cost of the calculations required to achieve high accuracy. Second, fields are also quantum objects that produce many intriguing effects beyond standard QMT approaches to molecular systems. This review focuses on recent developments in quantum-field theory (QFT) approaches to both covalent and non-covalent interactions for molecules in vacuum and subject to environments such as cavities and solvents. QFT provides a rich playground for novel chemical theories and insights. For example, chemical reactions and van der Waals interactions can be manipulated by cavities, boundaries, and optical excitations; novel interactions emerge when molecules interact with quantized fields; systems with millions of atoms could soon be treated with coarse-grained QFT formalisms; and unexpected scaling laws for atomic and molecular properties can emerge when QFT is applied to sets of chemical systems. This review sets the stage for an exciting QFT-driven path for further development of chemical theory.
A deterministic quantum mechanics theory is presented in a series of papers starting with the present one. The proposed theory is shown to be consistent with the current mainstream statistical quantum theory as well as with classical physics. It produces solutions, which demonstrate that causality, physical reality, and determinism are restored and can explain in simple form concerns that are raised by results from the current mainstream statistical quantum theory. The meaning of particle-wave duality and complementarity, the possibility of a particle, like the electron, to cross through the nucleus as it does when the angular momentum of the electron is zero at the ground state of the hydrogen atom, the possibility of a point-size particle to have an “intrinsic spin,” the possibility of “quantum jumps” as the electron transitions instantaneously from one stable orbital to another without passing through the space in between the orbitals and does that at irregular time intervals, and the natural collapse of the wave function as part of the solution are some of the results that emerge from the proposed deterministic quantum mechanics theory. The only postulate underlying the proposed theory is that the electron and most likely other sub-atomic particles behave like compressible fluids. The current paper also shows that quantum tunneling does not violate the energy balance because part of the electron-fluid can locally exceed the kinetic energy required to spill over the potential barrier. The phenomenon of entanglement is shown to be consistent with the proposed deterministic quantum mechanics theory. The Bohr–Schrödinger energy levels leading to the experimentally confirmed spectral lines, as well as the fine structure constant emerge directly from the solution of the equations governing the proposed deterministic quantum mechanics presented in Part II of these series of papers.
The United Nations General Assembly has officially designated 2025 as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (IYQ). This global initiative, supported by UNESCO and co-sponsored by several countries, marks the centenary of quantum sciences, which encompass quantum mechanics, quantum chemistry, and related fields. These disciplines serve as the foundation for fundamental research across the natural sciences. Quantum mechanics provides the theoretical framework for understanding matter and energy at the microscopic scale. While public celebrations of the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology often showcase quantum technologies to engage a broader audience, it is crucial to remember that the emergence of quantum theory primarily represented a ground-breaking shift in the basic sciences. This article explores the complex relationship between quantum mechanics and concepts of traditional chemistry, particularly concerning the microscopic world of atoms and molecules. It highlights how quantum mechanics, a holistic and nonlocal theory, features concepts such as entanglement and the indistinguishability of components that challenge classical chemical notions of distinct interatomic interactions and well-defined molecular structures. While quantum mechanics excels at determining the overall stability and dynamics of the system, the article explains that quantum chemistry relies on the classical Born-Oppenheimer approximation to maintain the view of local interactions and identifiable atoms within a molecule. Then, the article discusses the historical development and limitations of transition state theory in explaining chemical reactions, highlighting chemistry’s specific focus on bond breaking and bond making as a fundamental explanatory principle.
Abstract: Quantum entanglement is one of the most remarkable phenomena in modern physics — a situation in which two particles, without any apparent physical connection, exhibit perfectly coordinated behaviour. This striking feature has led many to conclude that the universe must be fundamentally nonlocal. In this paper, we show that entanglement can be explained without any recourse to nonlocality, within a fully classical and deterministic framework. In this view, all physical phenomena arise from a single, continuous underlying substrate; what we call "entanglement" is simply a reflection of sharing this common foundation. The theory reproduces all known results of quantum experiments, including the violation of Bell inequalities, by relaxing the assumption of measurement independence — a step that is both physically motivated and locally consistent. A new testable prediction is also offered. The conclusion is that entanglement is not evidence of nonlocality, but rather a manifestation of the fundamental unity of nature