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IEEE Sensors Journal

Influence of Laser Polarization on Rydberg Atom-Based Electric Field Measurement

Dongping Xiao, Ling Chen, Sheng Yan, Hao Wang, Xianli Xu, Huaiqing Zhang

Published Aug 4, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/jsen.2026.3718258

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The interaction between an electric field and the energy levels of Rydberg states results in the Stark effect, which can be used for quantum detection by measuring the frequency shift in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectra. By using the functional relationship between the frequency shift and the electric field, it is possible to measure the electric field in question. However, the mismatch between the probe laser and the polarization direction of the coupled laser leads to errors in the measurement of the frequency shift, affecting the accurate measurement of the electric field. In this work, the Schrödinger equation is solved by perturbation method to derive the functional relationship between the energy offset and the electric field strength. Then, the functional relationship between the energy offset and the electric field strength is brought into the solution of the density matrix equation, and the influences of the polarization direction of the detected light and coupled light on the EIT-Stark mathematical model are analyzed. Then an internal electrode method is used to prevent shielding effects caused by alkali metal atoms adhering to the surface of the atomic vapor cell, thereby enabling the application of the electric field. The calibration of the Rydberg state polarisation rate is achieved by using a standard source and measuring the frequency shift of the EIT spectrum. Finally, the effects of polarisation mismatch on the measurement results of EIT spectrum and the electric field are verified by modulating the laser polarization direction. The experimental data show that when the polarization directions of the probe laser and coupled laser are parallel to each other, it is the most matched polarization direction for the lasers, the peak value of the EIT spectrum is the largest, and the maximum relative error of the electric field measurement is 1.67%. When the angle between the polarisation directions of the probe light and the coupled light laser is 45°, the laser polarisation mismatch is the most severe, the EIT spectral peak is the lowest and the maximum relative error of the electric field measurement is 10.24%.
Abstract The measurement of Rydberg atoms in low-frequency electric fields is hindered due to the shielding effect of the vapor cell against low-frequency electric fields. This study analyzes the electric field shielding effect of Vapor Cell in Rydberg atom electric field sensors, which arises primarily from the polarization charges generated in dielectric materials under electric field influence, as well as the reduced surface resistivity caused by the adsorption of alkali metal atoms on the inner surfaces of the vapor cell. To investigate the electric field shielding resulting from the dielectric materials, we utilized finite element simulation software for analysis and normalized the influencing factors. For the shielding associated with reduced surface resistivity, we measured the electric field transmission coefficients of SiO2 in the 0–60 MHz range using the Stark effect of Rydberg atoms. Additionally, we combined finite element simulations with molecular dynamics analysis software to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the properties of the SiO2 surface after cesium atom adsorption. Building on this foundation, we conducted a simulation analysis of vapor cell made from CaF2. Our results indicate that after cesium atom adsorption, CaF2 retains excellent insulating properties, with a surface resistivity exceeding 1 × 1012 Ω/sq, making it suitable for electric field measurements in the tens of Hz range. Furthermore, we examined the influence of laser transmittance in Vapor Cell on the peak of electromagnetically induced transparency. We measured the laser transmittance of SiO2 and Al2O3 vapor cells and compared these values to the calculated laser transmittance of CaF2. The results revealed that CaF2 exhibits slightly higher laser transmittance than SiO2, demonstrating favorable optical characteristics for use in optical systems. In summary, this research provides significant theoretical insights and experimental support for enhancing the performance of Rydberg atom electric field sensors.
Electric field measurement technology with Rydberg atoms has emerged as a forefront technique due to its extra-ordinarily capacity of detecting various electric field parameters, including amplitude, frequency, phase, and polarization. This study presents the development of a Rydberg atomic heterodyne receiver integrated with a linear array of 4-element Rydberg field probes, enabling simultaneous multi-beam forming reception and determination of the angle of arrival at 8.567 GHz. The Rydberg field probe has the advantages of high optical coupling efficiency, strong portability, and low mutual influence.