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Applied Sciences

Matchgate Benchmarking for Rydberg Atom Quantum Processors

Minhyuk Kim

Published Jul 31, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose matchgate benchmarking for a Rydberg atom processor. Matchgate benchmarking characterizes a continuously parametrized family of two-qubit gates generated by the XY interaction, and it is both scalable and resistant to state preparation and measurement errors. On the Rydberg platform, the native dipole–dipole interaction between two Rydberg states realizes this XY interaction. We show that the interaction maps to quadratic Majorana operators and therefore generates matchgates, and we describe how the full generalized matchgate set can be realized using the native interaction, single-qubit rotations, and a microwave-driven bit-flip between the two Rydberg states. We implement the protocol in numerical simulations with realistic noise and confirm that it recovers the gate fidelity while remaining resistant to the latter. Our results establish matchgate benchmarking as a practical tool for characterizing Rydberg processors that use the native XY interaction.

DOI
10.3390/app16157614

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We propose matchgate benchmarking for a Rydberg atom processor. Matchgate benchmarking characterizes a continuously parametrized family of two-qubit gates generated by the XY interaction, and it is both scalable and resistant to state preparation and measurement errors. On the Rydberg platform, the native dipole–dipole interaction between two Rydberg states realizes this XY interaction. We show that the interaction maps to quadratic Majorana operators and therefore generates matchgates, and we describe how the full generalized matchgate set can be realized using the native interaction, single-qubit rotations, and a microwave-driven bit-flip between the two Rydberg states. We implement the protocol in numerical simulations with realistic noise and confirm that it recovers the gate fidelity while remaining resistant to the latter. Our results establish matchgate benchmarking as a practical tool for characterizing Rydberg processors that use the native XY interaction.
We propose a method to reliably and efficiently extract the fidelity of many-qubit quantum circuits composed of continuously parametrized two-qubit gates called matchgates. This method, which we call matchgate benchmarking , relies on advanced techniques from randomized benchmarking as well as insights from the representation theory of matchgate circuits. We argue the formal correctness and scalability of the protocol, and moreover deploy it to estimate the performance of matchgate circuits generated by two-qubit XY spin interactions on a quantum processor.
Neutral atom quantum processors provide a viable route to scalable quantum computing, with recent demonstrations of high-fidelity and parallel gate operations and initial implementation of quantum algorithms using both physical and logical qubit encodings. In this work we present a characterization of the algorithmic performance of near term Rydberg atom quantum computers through device simulation to enable comparison against competing architectures. We consider three different quantum algorithm related tests, exploiting the ability to dynamically update qubit connectivity and multi-qubit gates. We calculate a quantum volume of VQ=29\mathbf{\mathit{V_{Q}}=2^{9}}VQ​=29 for 9 qubit devices with realistic parameters, which is the maximum achievable value for this device size and establishes a lower bound for larger systems. We also simulate highly efficient implementations of both the Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm with >0.95 success probability for 9 data qubits and 1 ancilla qubit without loss correction, and Grover's search algorithm with a loss-corrected success probability of 0.97 for an implementation of the algorithm using 6 data qubits and 3 ancilla qubits using native multi-qubit CCZ\mathbf{CCZ}CCZ gates. Our results indicate Rydberg atom processors are a highly competitive near-term platform which, bolstered by the potential for further scalability, can pave the way toward useful quantum computation.
We present a native realization of iSWAP and parametrized \textit{exchange} gates for neutral-atom quantum processing units. Our approach leverages strong dipole-dipole interactions between two different dipole-coupled Rydberg states, employing optimal control techniques to design high-fidelity, time-efficient gate pulses. To minimize experimental complexity, we utilize global driving fields acting identically on all atoms and apply pulse smoothing techniques. While detrimental van der Waals interactions pose a significant challenge, we demonstrate that for both 133^{133}133Cs, as a representative alkali atom, and 88^{88}88Sr, an alkaline-earth species, high-fidelity pulses can nevertheless be obtained over a broad range of parameters. We identify candidate protocols with reduced susceptibility to noise and analyze their performance under realistic conditions, accounting for atomic motion, Rydberg decay, and experimentally motivated laser frequency and intensity noise. Crucially, we demonstrate that in both Alkali and alkaline-earth-based systems, we can obtain fast iSWAP gates with fidelities of 99.9%99.9\%99.9% under realistic experimental conditions. These results pave the way for expanding the neutral-atom gate set beyond conventional Rydberg-blockade-based entangling gates.
The advent of digital neutral-atom quantum computers relies on the development of fast and robust protocols for high-fidelity quantum operations. In this work, we introduce a novel scheme for entangling gates using four atomic levels per atom: a ground-state qubit and two Rydberg states. A laser field couples the qubit to one of the two Rydberg states, while a microwave field drives transitions between the two Rydberg states, enabling a resonant dipole-dipole interaction between different atoms. We show that controlled- Z gates can be realized in this scheme without requiring optical phase modulation and relying solely on a microwave field with time-dependent phase and amplitude. We demonstrate that such gates are faster and less sensitive to Rydberg decay than state-of-the-art Rydberg gates based on van der Waals interactions. Moreover, we systematically stabilize our protocol against interatomic distance fluctuations and analyze its performance in realistic setups with rubidium or cesium atoms. Our results open up new avenues to the use of microwave-driven dipolar interactions for quantum computation with neutral atoms.
We present benchmarking results for single-qubit gates implemented on a neutral atom quantum processor using Direct Randomized Benchmarking (DRB) and Gate Set Tomography (GST). The DRB protocol involves preparing stabilizer states, applying mmm layers of native single-qubit gates, and measuring in the computational basis, providing an efficient error characterization under a stochastic Pauli noise model. GST enables the full, self-consistent reconstruction of quantum processes, including gates, input states, and measurements. Both protocols provide robust to state preparation and measurement (SPAM) errors estimations of gate performance, offering complementary perspectives on quantum gate fidelity. For single-qubit gates, DRB yields an average fidelity of 99.963%99.963 \%99.963%. The protocol was further applied to a 25-qubit array under global single-qubit control. GST results are consistent with those obtained via DRB. We also introduce a gauge optimization procedure for GST that brings the reconstructed gates, input states, and measurements into a canonical frame, enabling meaningful fidelity comparisons while preserving physical constraints. These constraints of the operators -- such as complete positivity and trace preservation -- are enforced by performing the optimization over the Stiefel manifold. The combined analysis supports the use of complementary benchmarking techniques for characterizing scalable quantum architectures.
Trapped ions as one of the most promising quantum-information-processing platforms, yet conventional entangling gates mediated by collective motion remain slow and difficult to scale. Exciting trapped ions to high-lying electronic Rydberg states provides a promising route to overcome these limitations by enabling strong, long-range dipole-dipole interactions that support much faster multi-qubit operations. Here, we introduce the first scheme for implementing a native controlled-controlled-Z gate with microwave-dressed Rydberg ions by optimizing a single-pulse protocol that accounts for the finite Rydberg-state lifetime. The resulting gate outperforms standard decompositions into one- and two-qubit gates by achieving fidelities above 97% under realistic conditions, with execution times of about 2 microseconds at cryogenic temperatures. To explore the potential of trapped Rydberg ions for fault-tolerant quantum error correction, and to illustrate the utility of three-qubit Rydberg-ion gates in this context, we develop and analyze a proposal for fault-tolerant, measurement-free quantum error correction using the nine-qubit Bacon-Shor code. Our simulations confirm that quantum error correction can be performed in a fully fault-tolerant manner on a linear Rydberg-ion chain despite its limited qubit connectivity. These results establish native multiqubit Rydberg-ion gates as a valuable resource for fast, high-fidelity quantum computing and highlight their potential for fault-tolerant quantum error correction.