Abstract This report examines the characteristics of the Heisenberg–Kennard uncertainty product in the double-slit experiment with an asymmetric slits configuration. For completeness, the symmetric double-slit experiment is also revisited. We employ the Budiyono–Rohrlich statistical model of quantum mechanics to derive explicit expressions for the related product based on the Gaussian position probability function. We analyze the effects of varying the slit widths and the separation distance. We observe that changing the ratio of the two slits’ widths and their separation can reversibly switch between the relative-phase-dependent coherent uncertainty products, providing a mechanism for tuning the associated uncertainty product through the geometric configuration of the slits. The theoretically predicted geometry-induced switching phenomenon, driven by the nonzero expectation value of position and the differing slopes of the position probability function, as represented by the Fisher information term, may enable applications in precision which-way-related experiments and weak-measurement protocols. We also perform a geometric analysis based on a Greenberger–Yasin duality-like relation to investigate the characteristics of the transition from coherent to decoherent conditions.
Abstract This report examines the characteristics of the Heisenberg–Kennard uncertainty product in the double-slit experiment with an asymmetric slits configuration. For completeness, the symmetric double-slit experiment is also revisited. We employ the Budiyono–Rohrlich statistical model of quantum mechanics to derive explicit expressions for the related product based on the Gaussian position probability function. We analyze the effects of varying the slit widths and the separation distance. We observe that changing the ratio of the two slits’ widths and their separation can reversibly switch between the relative-phase-dependent coherent uncertainty products, providing a mechanism for tuning the associated uncertainty product through the geometric configuration of the slits. The theoretically predicted geometry-induced switching phenomenon, driven by the nonzero expectation value of position and the differing slopes of the position probability function, as represented by the Fisher information term, may enable applications in precision which-way-related experiments and weak-measurement protocols. We also perform a geometric analysis based on a Greenberger–Yasin duality-like relation to investigate the characteristics of the transition from coherent to decoherent conditions.
A model of the Einstein–Bohr recoiling slit experiment is formulated in a fully quantum theoretical setting. In this model, the state and dynamics of a movable wall that has two slits in it, as well as the state of a particle incoming to the two slits, are described by quantum mechanics. Using this model, we analyzed complementarity between exhibiting an interference pattern and distinguishing the particle path. Comparing the Kennard–Robertson type and the Ozawa-type uncertainty relations, we conclude that the uncertainty relation involved in the double-slit experiment is not the Ozawa-type uncertainty relation but the Kennard-type uncertainty relation of the position and the momentum of the double-slit wall. A possible experiment to test the complementarity relation is suggested. It is also argued that various phenomena which occur at the interface of a quantum system and a classical system, including distinguishability, interference, decoherence, quantum eraser, and weak value, can be understood as aspects of entanglement. Quanta 2015; 4: 1–9.
Description: This study provides a testable geometric origin explanation for wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics, starting from first principles of discrete geometry. Core Scientific Question While the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics can precisely predict experimental phenomena such as double-slit interference, the physical origin of wave-particle duality itself has long been treated as a fundamental axiom, lacking deeper explanation. This work attempts to answer: Could quantum phenomena arise from the collective statistical behavior of more fundamental discrete geometric structures? Theoretical Framework Based on a recently developed discrete geometry framework, we regard continuous spacetime as emerging from the topological gluing and recursive folding of Cantor sets. This geometric construction naturally leads to defect structures carrying intrinsic degrees of freedom, whose statistical fluctuations manifest as random noise accompanying the geometric phase field. The two-point correlation of the noise characterizes thermalization information, while higher-order correlations carry non-Gaussian information and long-term memory. Core Predictions For the double-slit interference experiment, we derive a coherence evolution formula and make three directly testable predictions: First, even under strong which-path measurement, interference fringes will exhibit residual visibility due to contributions from higher-order noise correlations, with magnitude between one-thousandth and one-hundredth. This stands in sharp contrast to the complete disappearance predicted by standard decoherence theory. Second, the decoherence process exhibits biexponential behavior, with fast and slow time scales whose ratio ranges from one hundred to one thousand. Third, path information and interference visibility satisfy a specific conservation relation, reflecting the intrinsic constraints on information transformation in discrete geometry. Experimental Proposal We propose a quantum optics experiment using squeezed light to test these predictions. The scheme employs nano-fabricated double slits and single-photon sources with tunable statistical properties, directly verifying the physical effects of higher-order correlations by comparing interference visibility differences between squeezed and coherent light sources. Current single-photon source technology already possesses the capability to resolve the required precision. Scientific Significance If the predictions are confirmed, this would for the first time experimentally establish quantum phenomena as collective statistical manifestations of discrete geometric structures, providing a geometric origin explanation for the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and an objective, consciousness-free mechanism for wavefunction collapse. Furthermore, this would provide tabletop experimental evidence for Planck-scale spacetime discreteness, building a bridge between quantum foundations and cosmological information research. If falsified, this would constrain microscopic parameters in the theory, pushing the model toward more complex colored noise generalizations. 描述: 本研究从离散几何的第一原理出发,为量子力学中的波粒二象性提供了一个可检验的几何起源解释。 核心科学问题 量子力学的数学形式主义能够精确预测双缝干涉等实验现象,但波粒二象性本身的物理起源长期被视为基本公理,缺乏更深层次的解释。本工作试图回答:量子现象是否可能源于更基本的离散几何结构的集体统计行为? 理论框架 基于近期发展的离散几何框架,我们将连续时空视为从康托尔集的拓扑粘合与递归折叠中涌现的结果。这一几何构建自然导出了带有内禀自由度的缺陷结构,其统计涨落表现为伴随几何相场的随机噪声。噪声的两点关联刻画热化信息,而高阶关联则携带非高斯信息和长期记忆。 核心预言 针对双缝干涉实验,我们推导了相干度演化公式,并作出三个可直接检验的预言: 第一,即使在强路径测量下,由于噪声高阶关联的贡献,干涉条纹仍将存在残余可见度,其量级在千分之一到百分之一之间。这与标准退相干理论预言的完全消失形成鲜明对比。 第二,退相干过程呈现双指数行为,存在快慢两个时间尺度,其比值在百倍到千倍之间。 第三,路径信息与干涉可见度满足特定的守恒关系,反映了离散几何中信息转化的内在约束。 实验方案 我们提出了一个基于压缩态光的量子光学实验方案来检验上述预言。该方案利用纳米加工双缝和可调统计性质的单光子源,通过比较压缩态与相干态光源的干涉可见度差异,直接验证高阶关联的物理效应。当前单光子源技术已具备分辨所需精度的能力。 科学意义 若预言被证实,将首次从实验上确立量子现象是离散几何结构的集体统计表现,为海森堡不确定性原理提供几何起源解释,并为波函数坍缩提供无需意识的客观机制。同时,这将为普朗克尺度的时空离散性提供桌面实验证据,架起量子基础与宇宙学信息研究的桥梁。若被证伪,则将约束理论中的微观参数,推动模型向更复杂的有色噪声方向拓展。
The two-slit experiment with quantum particles provides many insights into the behavior of quantum mechanics, including Bohr’s complementarity principle. Here, we analyze Einstein’s recoiling slit version of the experiment and show how the inevitable entanglement between the particle and the recoiling slit as a which-way detector is responsible for complementarity. We derive the Englert–Greenberger–Yasin duality from this entanglement, which can also be thought of as a consequence of sum-uncertainty relations between certain complementary observables of the recoiling slit. Thus, entanglement is an integral part of the which-way detection process, and so is uncertainty, though in a completely different way from that envisaged by Bohr and Einstein.
The double‑slit experiment epitomizes the wave–particle duality of quantum mechanics. In standard treatments, the interference pattern follows from superposition, while measurement of “which path” destroys coherence. The precise mechanism that turns a coherent superposition into a localized detection event remains an open question. We propose an operator‑based model within the open‑quantum‑system framework that describes the entire process through seven effective Lindblad generators: fluctuating diffusion (initial wavepacket spreading), cyclic reset (quantum Zeno effect), spatial‑mode splitting (simultaneous excitation of both slits), free evolution (interference formation), liminal projection (threshold‑activated measurement), irreversible loss (detector inefficiency), and subspace mapping (projection onto a definite detection outcome). Unlike standard quantum mechanics, the model introduces a nonlinear decoherence rate that depends on the spatial spread of the wavefunction, capturing environment back‑action through a feedback‑controlled coupling. This dependence leads to a small but testable reduction of fringe visibility with increasing particle flux or wavepacket width, even in the absence of explicit which‑path measurement. The measurement activation is modeled as a smooth threshold function, giving a sharp transition in detection probability as the system reaches the screen. Analytical expressions for visibility and the critical Zeno frequency are derived, and numerical simulations are presented. The predictions are accessible with current experimental technology (weak measurements, controlled decoherence, cavity‑QED systems). The framework suggests that wave–particle duality can be understood as a dissipative phase transition, bridging foundational quantum theory with practical open‑system control.
The exact analytical values of the position and momentum information entropies are calculated for the single-slit and double-slit diffraction experiments. In both cases, the product of the exponentials of the entropies is strictly greater than the lower bound $\ensuremath{\pi}e\ensuremath{\Elzxh}$ given by the optimal entropic uncertainty relation for position and momentum, which implies that the single-slit and double-slit configurations are not minimum-uncertainty states. The results obtained show that the position-momentum entropic uncertainty relation provides a rigorous quantitative expression for the uncertainty principle in these experiments, unlike the Heisenberg inequality for standard deviations. However, it is also shown that, in the double-slit experiment, wave-particle duality cannot be derived from the entropic uncertainty relation.
This paper presents a substrate‑first explanation of the double‑slit experiment, delayed‑choice variations, and quantum‑eraser configurations within the MID/QC framework. In this model, the wavefunction is not a symbolic probability amplitude but a real geometric configuration of tension and phase in a continuous medium. Measurement is a physical perturbation that collapses coherence geometry, and decoherence is a flattening of substrate structure rather than an epistemic update. Part II extends the conceptual foundation established in Part I, formalizing coherence wells, phase topology, substrate perturbation, and decoherence flattening into a complete scientific treatment. The paper resolves the appearance of retrocausality, reframes probability as geometry bandwidth, and provides a unified account of measurement grounded in substrate dynamics rather than symbolic abstraction.