Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

SoK: Post-Quantum Cryptography Implementation in Software: Approaches, Challenges and the PQC-HOT Framework

R. D. N. Shakya, Chaman Wijesiriwardana, Sugandima Vidanagamachchi, Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.2139/ssrn.7153926

Related papers

SoK: How (not) to Design and Implement Post-quantum Cryptography

James Howe, Thomas Prest, Daniel Apon

Lecture notes in computer science•Jan 1, 2021•24 citations

SoK: Systematizing Hybrid Strategies for the Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography

Abdoul Ahad

•Jan 1, 2025•0 citations

Post-Quantum Cryptography Integration to O-RAN

Abdullah Aydeger, Engin Zeydan, Josep Mangues‐Bafalluy

With its disaggregated and open interfaces, the Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture promises flexibility, innovation, and cost-effectiveness for future wireless networks. However, the increased reliance on software and open interfaces also introduces new security challenges. As the threat of quantum computing looms, the traditional cryptographic algorithms used in O-RAN will become vulnerable to potential attacks. This paper proposes the integration of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) into O-RAN to enhance its security against post-quantum adversaries. We discuss the specific vulnerabilities of current O-RAN security mechanisms to quantum attacks and identify key areas where PQC can be applied, such as key exchange, authentication, and data protection. We present a framework for evaluating the suitability of different PQC algorithms for O-RAN and outline potential challenges and implementation considerations. By proactively integrating PQC into O-RAN, we aim to ensure the long-term security and resilience of this emerging network architecture in the era of quantum computing.

IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference•Jan 10, 2025•6 citations

Towards a Quantum-Resilient Future: Strategies for Transitioning to Post-Quantum Cryptography

Abdullah Aydeger, Engin Zeydan, Awaneesh Kumar Yadav +2 more

The imminent emergence of quantum computers poses unprecedented challenges to the current cryptographic standards that secure vital digital communications and data worldwide. This paper addresses the vulnerabilities of existing cryptographic systems susceptible to quantum-based attacks and emphasizes a dedicated transition plan to post-quantum cryptography (PQC). We first examine the current state of cryptographic practices, highlight the quantum threat, and present the framework and need for PQC. In addition, a comprehensive strategy is presented that encompasses the identification, protection, detection, response, and recovery phases and integrates PQC into existing security infrastructures, specifically the Cybersecurity Framework Version 2.0 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Methods and technologies discussed include the development of robust PQC algorithms, tools for their large-scale implementation, and hybrid cryptographic systems that combine traditional and quantum-resistant techniques. Practical implementations on various hardware and software platforms are also presented in case studies that provide real-world insight into the challenges and innovations in using PQC. We conclude with a discussion of hybrid approaches, regulatory considerations, and recommendations derived from early adopters to guide future efforts to create a quantum-resilient digital landscape.

International Conference on the Network of the Future (NOF)•Oct 2, 2024•72 citations

NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards: A Comprehensive Review of Theoretical Foundations and Implementations

Quang Dang Truong, Hien Nguyen, Tuy Tan Nguyen +1 more

The transition to post-quantum cryptography (PQC) marks a pivotal shift in ensuring digital security, prompted by the potential of quantum computers to compromise classical systems such as Rivest-Shamir-Adlema and elliptic-curve cryptography. In response, NIST has standardized three foundational PQC algorithms: Module-lattice-based Key-encapsulation Mechanism for key establishment; Module-lattice-based Digital Signature, and Stateless Hash-based Digital Signature algorithms for digital signatures. Meanwhile, FALCON and Hamming Quasi-cyclic (HQC) schemes, both selected as finalists, are expected to join the standards soon. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of these NIST-selected PQC standards, with a dual focus on software implementations and hardware architecture designs. We analyze their mathematical frameworks, distinctive features, and optimization strategies related to performance, security, and resource efficiency. The software review examines algorithmic complexity, memory usage, and programming considerations, while the hardware review discusses FPGA and ASIC implementations, emphasizing modular arithmetic, polynomial operations, and resource efficiency challenges. A comparative analysis highlights the strengths and trade-offs of each algorithm, offering insights into their applicability across various platforms-from resource-constrained internet of things devices to high-performance computing environments. This study provides a foundational understanding of NIST’s selected PQC standards and their practical deployment in securing the post-quantum era.

IEEE Access•Jan 1, 2026•18 citations

SoK: Post-Quantum Key Encapsulation Mechanisms—Security Definitions, Constructions, and Applications

Biming Zhou, Yiting Liu, Haodong Jiang +1 more

Lecture notes in computer science•Jan 1, 2025•1 citation
With its disaggregated and open interfaces, the Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture promises flexibility, innovation, and cost-effectiveness for future wireless networks. However, the increased reliance on software and open interfaces also introduces new security challenges. As the threat of quantum computing looms, the traditional cryptographic algorithms used in O-RAN will become vulnerable to potential attacks. This paper proposes the integration of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) into O-RAN to enhance its security against post-quantum adversaries. We discuss the specific vulnerabilities of current O-RAN security mechanisms to quantum attacks and identify key areas where PQC can be applied, such as key exchange, authentication, and data protection. We present a framework for evaluating the suitability of different PQC algorithms for O-RAN and outline potential challenges and implementation considerations. By proactively integrating PQC into O-RAN, we aim to ensure the long-term security and resilience of this emerging network architecture in the era of quantum computing.
The imminent emergence of quantum computers poses unprecedented challenges to the current cryptographic standards that secure vital digital communications and data worldwide. This paper addresses the vulnerabilities of existing cryptographic systems susceptible to quantum-based attacks and emphasizes a dedicated transition plan to post-quantum cryptography (PQC). We first examine the current state of cryptographic practices, highlight the quantum threat, and present the framework and need for PQC. In addition, a comprehensive strategy is presented that encompasses the identification, protection, detection, response, and recovery phases and integrates PQC into existing security infrastructures, specifically the Cybersecurity Framework Version 2.0 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Methods and technologies discussed include the development of robust PQC algorithms, tools for their large-scale implementation, and hybrid cryptographic systems that combine traditional and quantum-resistant techniques. Practical implementations on various hardware and software platforms are also presented in case studies that provide real-world insight into the challenges and innovations in using PQC. We conclude with a discussion of hybrid approaches, regulatory considerations, and recommendations derived from early adopters to guide future efforts to create a quantum-resilient digital landscape.
The transition to post-quantum cryptography (PQC) marks a pivotal shift in ensuring digital security, prompted by the potential of quantum computers to compromise classical systems such as Rivest-Shamir-Adlema and elliptic-curve cryptography. In response, NIST has standardized three foundational PQC algorithms: Module-lattice-based Key-encapsulation Mechanism for key establishment; Module-lattice-based Digital Signature, and Stateless Hash-based Digital Signature algorithms for digital signatures. Meanwhile, FALCON and Hamming Quasi-cyclic (HQC) schemes, both selected as finalists, are expected to join the standards soon. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of these NIST-selected PQC standards, with a dual focus on software implementations and hardware architecture designs. We analyze their mathematical frameworks, distinctive features, and optimization strategies related to performance, security, and resource efficiency. The software review examines algorithmic complexity, memory usage, and programming considerations, while the hardware review discusses FPGA and ASIC implementations, emphasizing modular arithmetic, polynomial operations, and resource efficiency challenges. A comparative analysis highlights the strengths and trade-offs of each algorithm, offering insights into their applicability across various platforms-from resource-constrained internet of things devices to high-performance computing environments. This study provides a foundational understanding of NIST’s selected PQC standards and their practical deployment in securing the post-quantum era.