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Quantum computers: principles of operation and prospects for application

I. M. Melnikov, M. P. Miatselitsa

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

This article is devoted to quantum computers. At the beginning, the reasons for their introduction are noted. Then much attention is given to the working principles of quantum computers. After that it is pointed out some examples of quantum algorithms. Next it is spoken about engineering challenges. At the end the future of quantum computing is emphasized.

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This article is devoted to quantum computers. At the beginning, the reasons for their introduction are noted. Then much attention is given to the working principles of quantum computers. After that it is pointed out some examples of quantum algorithms. Next it is spoken about engineering challenges. At the end the future of quantum computing is emphasized.
Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative technology with the potential to revolutionize various fields, including engineering. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the applications of quantum computing in engineering, focusing on algorithms, hardware, and future prospects. We explore the fundamental principles of quantum computing, the current state of quantum hardware, and the key algorithms that have been developed for engineering problems. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities in integrating quantum computing into engineering workflows and provide a forward-looking perspective on the future of this field. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners interested in the intersection of quantum computing and engineering
The article is devoted to the consideration of the fundamental principles of op-eration of quantum computing devices. Particular attention is paid to the key concepts of quan-tum mechanics, including superposition, entanglement and measurement of states, as well as their application in computing processes. The main types of qubits, quantum logic gates, princi-ples of constructing algorithms and hardware platforms for implementing quantum computing are described. Current problems, such as decoherence and error correction, as well as the pro-spects for using quantum computers in science, cryptography and modeling of complex systems are discussed.
Quantum computing is an advanced computational paradigm that leverages principles of quantum mechanics, including superposition, entanglement, and interference, to process information more efficiently than classical systems [1][2]. Unlike classical bits, qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, enabling exponential computational capabilities for complex problem-solving. Since its theoretical foundations proposed by Richard Feynman and further developed by David Deutsch, quantum computing has progressed into an active research and industrial domain [2][3]. This paper presents an overview of the core concepts of quantum computation, technological evolution, and key algorithms such as Shor’s and Grover’s, which demonstrate significant computational advantages [9][10]. It also explores major application areas including cryptography, healthcare, artificial intelligence, and optimization, while addressing critical challenges such as decoherence, error correction, and scalability [5][6]. The study highlights future prospects, emphasizing the potential of quantum computing to transform scientific and industrial domains [12][15].
This article outlines our point of view regarding the applicability, state-of-the-art, and potential of quantum computing for problems in finance. We provide an introduction to quantum computing as well as a survey on problem classes in finance that are computationally challenging classically and for which quantum computing algorithms are promising. In the main part, we describe in detail quantum algorithms for specific applications arising in financial services, such as those involving simulation, optimization, and machine learning problems. In addition, we include demonstrations of quantum algorithms on IBM Quantum back-ends and discuss the potential benefits of quantum algorithms for problems in financial services. We conclude with a summary of technical challenges and future prospects.