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International Conference on Communications

Entanglement-Based Crossbar for Quantum Routers

Jessica Illiano, Caterina De Risi, Marcello Caleffi, Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

Published May 24, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/icc59461.2026.11587945

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Forwarding in quantum networks cannot be realized by directly transposing classical switching fabrics, since the no-cloning theorem and the quantum measurement postulate constrain the direct relay of quantum information while ruling out copy-based buffering and inspection. In this paper, we propose a switching-fabric framework for quantum routers based on multipartite entanglement. Specifically, we formalize the notion of an entanglement-based switching fabric, in which a graph state acts as the forwarding resource and entanglement forwarding is realized through local Pauli measurements. We translate the classical notions of blocking and non-blocking operation into structural conditions for entanglement-based fabrics, by deriving the \textit{edge-controlled (EC) design principle} for non-blocking operation. We instantiate this principle through a monolithic \textit{EC crossbar} and a modular Clos-type EC fabric, for which we characterize resource scaling and identify the regime where the modular design becomes more resource-efficient than the monolithic one. Finally, a forwarding-latency analysis establishes a fundamental distinction between matching-oblivious and matching-driven forwarding: the proposed EC fabrics realize all requested input-output entanglement links with constant forwarding depth under sufficient measurement parallelism, whereas matching-driven EPR-based fabrics exhibit latency that scales with the number of requested connections. The proposed framework provides a hardware-agnostic foundation for quantum-router switching fabrics.
Classical crossbar routers cannot be directly adopted in the quantum domain, due to the laws of quantum mechanics. In this paper, we propose an \textit{entanglement-based crossbar} as the quantum counterpart of the classical switching fabric, enabling generalized forwarding solely through local Pauli measurements on a multipartite entangled resource, acting as a switching fabric. We formalize the notions of blocking and non-blocking conditions in the quantum domain by providing the design tenets to achieve a non-blocking switching fabric. Then, we introduce the edge-controlled design principle by identifying the minimal 2x2 non-blocking base unit as the fundamental building block for scalable router architectures. The proposed framework provides a hardware-agnostic and scalable foundation for quantum routers, bridging classical network theory with quantum-native forwarding.
Crossbar networks are a cornerstone of network architectures, capable of operating both as standalone interconnections or as integral switching components in complex, multi-stage systems. The main advantages of crossbar networks are their non-blocking operation and unparalleled minimal latency. With the advent of large scale quantum networks, crossbars might be an important asset towards the Quantum Internet. This study proposes a solution for the problem of distributing entanglement within crossbar quantum networks. Entangled particles are a consumable resource in quantum networks, and are being used by most quantum protocols. By ensuring that nodes within quantum networks are being supplied with entanglement, the reliability and efficiency of the network is maintained. By providing an efficient, scalable framework that can be used to achieve optimal entanglement distribution within crossbar quantum networks, this study offers a theoretical achievement which can be also used for enhancing quantum network performance. An algorithm for selecting an optimal entanglement distribution configuration is proposed and fully tested on realistic possible configurations.