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International Conference on Communications

Minimum Required Power for Continuous-Aperture Array Based Secure Transmission

Boqun Zhao, Chongjun Ouyang, Xingqi Zhang, Yuanwei Liu

Published May 24, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/icc59461.2026.11587275

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A continuous aperture array (CAPA)-based secure communication system is investigated, where a base station equipped with a CAPA transmits signals to a legitimate user under the existence of an eavesdropper. For improving the secrecy performance, the artificial noise (AN) is employed at the BS for the jamming purpose. We aim at maximizing the secrecy rate by jointly optimizing the information-bearing and AN source current patterns, subject to the maximum transmit power constraint. To solve the resultant non-convex integral-based functional programming problem, a channel subspace-based approach is first proposed via exploiting the result that the optimal current patterns always lie within the subspace spanned by all users' channel responses. Then, the intractable CAPA continuous source current pattern design problem with an infinite number of optimization variables is equivalently transformed into the channel-subspace weighting factor optimization problem with a finite number of optimization variables. A penalty-based successive convex approximation method is developed for iteratively optimizing the finite-size weighting vectors. To further reduce the computational complexity, we propose a two-stage source current patterns design scheme. Specifically, the information-bearing and AN patterns are first designed using the maximal ration transmission and zero-forcing transmission, respectively. Then, the remaining power allocation is addressed via the one-dimensional search method. Numerical results unveil that 1) the CAPA brings in significant secrecy rate gain compared to the conventional discrete multiple-input multiple-output; 2) the proposed channel subspace-based algorithm outperforms the conventional Fourier-based approach, while sustaining much lower computational complexity; and 3) the two-stage ZF-MRT approach has negligible performance loss for the large transmit power regime.
The secrecy performance of continuous-aperture array (CAPA)-based wiretap channels in terms of secrecy rate and secrecy outage probability (SOP) is analyzed. First, the system models of CAPA systems with maximum-ratio transmission under a Rayleigh fading channel are established, and approximate probability density functions for the legitimate user Bob's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the eavesdropper Eve's SNR are derived using Mercer's theorem and Landau's eigenvalue theorem. Three scenarios are considered, including a single Eve, multiple independent Eves, and multiple collaborative Eves. Next, the expressions of the secrecy rate and SOP under these three scenarios are derived, and the high-SNR slope, high-SNR power offset, diversity order, and array gain in Bob's high-SNR region are obtained. It is then theoretically proven that, in all three scenarios, the CAPA system achieves the same high-SNR slope and the same diversity order, with the latter being equal to the spatial degrees of freedom. Moreover, the CAPA system with a single Eve has the smallest high-SNR offset and the highest array gain, whereas the CAPA system with multiple collaborative Eves exhibits the largest high-SNR offset and the lowest array gain. Finally, the theoretical analyses of secrecy rate, SOP, high-SNR performance are validated by the simulation results, and a higher secrecy rate and a lower SOP are achieved by the CAPA systems compared to the spatially-discrete array systems with half-wavelength antenna spacing.
Communications systems builders continue to search for signal formats and receiver architectures that can provide the most efficient utilization of their subsystems, which include power amplifiers as well as transmit and receive apertures. Receivers requiring very small amounts of received power are of particular interest in communications links where transmission distances are very long and losses are large, such as from Deep Space. Helstrom and others ([1],[2],[3]) initiated the study of optimum signal reception using quantum mechanical signal models. They derived the mathematical description and predicted performance of receivers that optimize certain criteria, such as Minimum Probability of Error (MPE). Unfortunately, practical implementation of their proposed receivers has still not been achieved. In parallel, technology has advanced to where noiseless photon counters can be used to achieve quite good performance ([4]). We show here that, when an end-to-end error correction code is added, in fact such a system can out-perform the “optimum” MPE system at low signal powers. In this report, we derive the formulation of a quantum receiver that is shown to be uniformly better than either the MPE or photon-counting receiver.