The non‑locality of quantum entanglement is often regarded as a fundamental challenge to classical realism and locality. This paper proposes an alternative framework that aims to fully reduce quantum entanglement correlations to classical physical processes. The core assumptions are: (1) a universal absolute time exists, in which all processes evolve; (2) the gravitational time dilation effect described by general relativity is not a dilation of time itself, but a perturbation of the energy levels of atomic nuclei by gravity, which affects the ticking rate of clocks (matter‑based timers) rather than the intrinsic temporal rhythm of electromagnetic interactions; (3) the correlations of entangled photon pairs originate from a locked absolute initial phase at emission, and from a subsequent half‑period (π) sinusoidal phase slip occurring during local interaction with measurement media (crystals). This paper details the axiomatic system, supports its predictions by analysing systematic deviations in existing quantum optics experiments (e.g., CHSH tests with different crystal types), and proposes a feasible experimental scheme for rigorous verification.
The non‑locality of quantum entanglement is often regarded as a fundamental challenge to classical realism and locality. This paper proposes an alternative framework that aims to fully reduce quantum entanglement correlations to classical physical processes. The core assumptions are: (1) a universal absolute time exists, in which all processes evolve; (2) the gravitational time dilation effect described by general relativity is not a dilation of time itself, but a perturbation of the energy levels of atomic nuclei by gravity, which affects the ticking rate of clocks (matter‑based timers) rather than the intrinsic temporal rhythm of electromagnetic interactions; (3) the correlations of entangled photon pairs originate from a locked absolute initial phase at emission, and from a subsequent half‑period (π) sinusoidal phase slip occurring during local interaction with measurement media (crystals). This paper details the axiomatic system, supports its predictions by analysing systematic deviations in existing quantum optics experiments (e.g., CHSH tests with different crystal types), and proposes a feasible experimental scheme for rigorous verification.
The mainstream interpretation of quantum entanglement and its derivative phenomena has long relied on concepts such as non-locality and superposition, leading to a lack of dynamical mechanism description for wave function collapse and creating profound conflicts with physical causality. This paper, based on the "Great Tao Model" and its "Existence Field Theory," proposes a systematic and unified interpretation of quantum entanglement phenomena, exemplified by the experiments recognized by the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics. First, it analyzes the erroneous presuppositions in the derivation of Bell's inequality based on Existence Field Theory and establishes a general classical interpretation framework grounded in "static initial correlations" and "local interactions." Subsequently, through a classical physical reconstruction of milestone experiments such as Aspect's, it demonstrates that this framework is sufficient to explain all observed phenomena self-consistently, without introducing "non-local superluminal action." Building on this, the paper successfully extends this interpretative framework to core quantum phenomena such as quantum decoherence, teleportation, and many-body entanglement, revealing that they also originate from classical conservation law constraints and local field interactions. Furthermore, this paper compares the Great Tao Model with hidden variable theories, finding that although both belong to the classical realism camp and oppose non-locality, the Great Tao Model requires no introduction of any hidden variables. Instead, it explains phenomena directly based on the specific physical properties (charge, mass) of elementary particles and the local dynamics of their existence fields, thus providing a more physically realistic and unified theoretical framework. This study offers a unified, causality-compliant classical explanation for a series of quantum phenomena claimed to exhibit "non-locality," fundamentally challenging the conceptual foundation of related quantum information technologies and providing a new path for physics to return to a theoretical paradigm based on realism, locality, and clear dynamical mechanisms.
I take non-locality to be the Michaelson Morley experiment of the early 21st Century, assume its universal validity, and try to derive its consequences. Spacetime, with its locality, cannot be fundamental, but must somehow be emergent from entangled coherent quantum variables and their behaviors. There are, then, two immediate consequences: i. If we start with non-locality, we need not explain non-locality. We must instead explain an emergence of locality and spacetime. ii. There can be no emergence of spacetime without matter. These propositions flatly contradict General Relativity, which is foundationally local, can be formulated without matter, and in which there is no “emergence” of spacetime.If these be true, then quantum gravity cannot be a minor alteration of General Relativity but must demand its deep reformulation. This will almost inevitably lead to: Matter not only curves spacetime, but “creates” spacetime.We will see independent grounds for the assertion that matter both curves and creates spacetime that may invite a new union of quantum gravity and General Relativity.This quantum creation of spacetime consists in: i. Fully non-local entangled coherent quantum variables.ii. The onset of locality via decoherence. iii. A metric in Hilbert Space among entangled quantum variables by the sub-additive von Neumann Entropy between pairs of variables. iv. Mapping from metric distances in Hilbert Space to metric distances in classical spacetime by episodic actualization events.v. Discrete spacetime is the relations among these discrete actualization events. vi. “Now” is the shared moment of actualization of one among the entangled variables when the amplitudes of the remaining entangled variables change instantaneously.vii. The discrete, successive, episodic, irreversible actualization events constitute a quantum arrow of time. viii. The arrow of time history of these events is recorded in the very structure of the spacetime constructed. ix. Actual Time is a succession of two or more actual events.The theory inevitably yields a UV cut-off of a new type. The cut-off is a phase transition between continuous spacetime before the transition and discontinuous spacetime beyond the phase transition.This quantum creation of spacetime modifies general relativity and may account for Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and the possible elimination of the singularities of General Relativity.Relations to Causal Set Theory, faithful Lorentzian manifolds, and past and future light cones joined at “Actual Now” are discussed.Possible observational and experimental tests based on: i. the existence of Sub- Planckian photons, ii. knee and ankle discontinuities in the high energy gamma ray spectrum, and iii. possible experiments to detect a creation of spacetime in the Casimir system are discussed. A quantum actualization enhancement of repulsive Casimir effect would be anti-gravitational and of possible practical use.The ideas and concepts discussed here are not yet a theory, but at most the start of a framework that may be useful.
Quantum entanglement presents a fundamental challenge to relativistic causality, as measurements on one particle instantaneously affect its entangled partner regard- less of spatial separation. We propose a complete theoretical framework—Dynamical Scalar Field Theory (DSFT)—in which entanglement is not a nonlocal correlation but a topological remnant of the pre-Big Bang Euclidean phase. In this framework, two entangled particles reside at a single point in the scalar field configuration space, connected by a static topological soliton (phase-locking filament) where the classi- cal time dimension remains frozen (Ω = 0). We derive the full Lagrangian from first principles, including non-minimal coupling to matter and curvature, and demon- strate that the decoherence process corresponds to a sudden geometric phase tran- sition (Ω : 0 → 1) occurring within ∆tjump = 85.2 ± 0.4 attoseconds—independent of spatial distance. Our numerical simulations yield precise predictions: a thermal pulse of power Pthermal = 2.36 × 10−4 W, an entropy jump ∆S = 1.46 × 10−22 J/K, and a high-frequency gravitational wave signature at f ∼ 106 Hz with strain ampli- tude h ∼ 10−38. These predictions align quantitatively with unexplained noise in superconducting qubits (IBM/Google) and attosecond time delays in photoionization experiments (Max Planck 2024). We propose a definitive experimental protocol us- ing Ramsey interferometry and TES bolometry to test the distance-independence of the decoherence time—a unique and falsifiable prediction of DSFT. This work estab- lishes entanglement as a manifestation of un-crystallized spacetime geometry, resolvable through attosecond and quantum thermodynamics experiments
I take non-locality to be the Michelson–Morley experiment of the early 21st century, assume its universal validity, and try to derive its consequences. Spacetime, with its locality, cannot be fundamental, but must somehow be emergent from entangled coherent quantum variables and their behaviors. There are, then, two immediate consequences: (i). if we start with non-locality, we need not explain non-locality. We must instead explain an emergence of locality and spacetime. (ii). There can be no emergence of spacetime without matter. These propositions flatly contradict General Relativity, which is foundationally local, can be formulated without matter, and in which there is no “emergence” of spacetime. If these be true, then quantum gravity cannot be a minor alteration of General Relativity but must demand its deep reformulation. This will almost inevitably lead to: matter not only curves spacetime, but “creates” spacetime. We will see independent grounds for the assertion that matter both curves and creates spacetime that may invite a new union of quantum gravity and General Relativity. This quantum creation of spacetime consists of: (i) fully non-local entangled coherent quantum variables. (ii) The onset of locality via decoherence. (iii) A metric in Hilbert space among entangled quantum variables by the sub-additive von Neumann entropy between pairs of variables. (iv) Mapping from metric distances in Hilbert space to metric distances in classical spacetime by episodic actualization events. (v) Discrete spacetime is the relations among these discrete actualization events. (vi) “Now” is the shared moment of actualization of one among the entangled variables when the amplitudes of the remaining entangled variables change instantaneously. (vii) The discrete, successive, episodic, irreversible actualization events constitute a quantum arrow of time. (viii) The arrow of time history of these events is recorded in the very structure of the spacetime constructed. (ix) Actual Time is a succession of two or more actual events. The theory inevitably yields a UV cutoff of a new type. The cutoff is a phase transition between continuous spacetime before the transition and discontinuous spacetime beyond the phase transition. This quantum creation of spacetime modifies General Relativity and may account for Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and the possible elimination of the singularities of General Relativity. Relations to Causal Set Theory, faithful Lorentzian manifolds, and past and future light cones joined at “Actual Now” are discussed. Possible observational and experimental tests based on: (i). the existence of Sub- Planckian photons, (ii). knee and ankle discontinuities in the high-energy gamma ray spectrum, and (iii). possible experiments to detect a creation of spacetime in the Casimir system are discussed. A quantum actualization enhancement of repulsive Casimir effect would be anti-gravitational and of possible practical use. The ideas and concepts discussed here are not yet a theory, but at most the start of a framework that may be useful.
In general relativity, the picture of space-time assigns an ideal clock to each world line. Being ideal, gravitational effects due to these clocks are ignored and the flow of time according to one clock is not affected by the presence of clocks along nearby world lines. However, if time is defined operationally, as a pointer position of a physical clock that obeys the principles of general relativity and quantum mechanics, such a picture is, at most, a convenient fiction. Specifically, we show that the general relativistic mass-energy equivalence implies gravitational interaction between the clocks, whereas the quantum mechanical superposition of energy eigenstates leads to a nonfixed metric background. Based only on the assumption that both principles hold in this situation, we show that the clocks necessarily get entangled through time dilation effect, which eventually leads to a loss of coherence of a single clock. Hence, the time as measured by a single clock is not well defined. However, the general relativistic notion of time is recovered in the classical limit of clocks.
Bell's theorem proves that no theory satisfying both locality — in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen sense that no influence propagates faster than light — and realism — in the sense that particles possess definite pre-existing states — can reproduce the correlations predicted by quantum mechanics and confirmed by experiment. The standard response has been to abandon realism. This paper argues that the standard response rests on a hidden assumption that has not been sufficiently scrutinised: that EPR locality exhausts the conceptually available forms of locality. If a type of physical interaction exists that is genuinely instantaneous — not propagating at any finite speed — and that therefore falls outside EPR locality while remaining physically classical and deterministic, Bell's theorem does not force the abandonment of realism. It forces instead the conclusion that EPR locality is an incomplete account of what physical interactions can be. Quantum-Geometry Dynamics (QGD) provides precisely such a framework. QGD rigorously distinguishes two types of physical interaction. Non-gravitational interactions — involving the displacement of particles or photons — are strictly bounded by the fundamental momentum c. Gravitational interactions are instantaneous: gravity is not a wave propagating through a continuum but the ever-present, instantaneous connection between all matter in the universe, grounded in the axioms of QGD. This distinction places QGD outside Bell's theorem's scope, which applies to theories satisfying EPR locality. QGD preserves absolute realism — every preon(+) has definite position and momentum at every moment — and derives the Bell correlations through a three-step deterministic classical mechanism: local measurement physically alters the momentum of particle A; the change instantaneously updates the global gravitational field acting on particle B and its detector; the correlated outcome at the second detector is a deterministic reaction to this gravitational update, governed by the laws of momentum conservation in discrete quantum-geometrical space. The paper develops this account in detail, addresses the loophole-free Bell tests of 2015 and their relationship to QGD's instantaneous gravity account, and situates QGD in the landscape of existing responses to Bell — including Bohmian mechanics, Maudlin's non-locality account, and superdeterminism. QGD is closest in structure to Bohmian mechanics in preserving absolute realism, but replaces Bohm's quantum potential — an additional primitive imported from quantum mechanics — with instantaneous gravity derived from QGD's axioms. There is no wave function at the fundamental level. The non-locality is gravitational and purely classical in character. The paper identifies four falsifiable predictions that distinguish QGD's account from quantum mechanics and from all existing responses to Bell. The first is that simultaneous exact measurement of conjugate properties — position and momentum — is possible in principle, which would constitute a direct falsification of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle as a fundamental feature of nature. The second is that non-local correlation strength varies with the quantum-geometrical distance between the entangled particles — a distance-dependence that quantum mechanics does not predict. The third is that genuinely gravitational influences are instantaneous, distinguishable from the electromagnetic signals that LIGO detects. The fourth is wholly novel: QGD predicts that the universe is finite and bounded, and that the instantaneous gravitational field of the entire finite universe — including matter beyond the electromagnetic horizon — bathes every Bell experiment at every moment. Bell correlation strength therefore has a constant baseline arising from the gravitational field of the full finite universe, plus a fluctuating component arising from events occurring throughout the universe at the moment of each measurement. This fluctuating component cannot be cross-correlated with any electromagnetically observed cosmological event on laboratory timescales, because the electromagnetic signals from those same real-time events will not arrive for millions or billions of years. The testable implication is that a perfectly controlled Bell experiment should exhibit non-zero temporal variance in correlation strength — the statistical fingerprint of the present gravitational state of the entire universe, a signal that no electromagnetic observatory can provide since all electromagnetic observation is observation of the past. The paper is intended for philosophers of physics, physicists working on foundations of quantum mechanics, and experimentalists working on Bell-type experiments. It is a companion to the author's paper "On the Uniqueness of Minimal Physically Derivable Theories" and to the book Quantum-Geometry Dynamics: An Axiomatic Approach to Physics.