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P-Adic Probability Theory and the Born Rule: Deriving Quantum Measurement from Ultrametric Information Geometry

QNFO Research Collective, Rowan Brad Quni-Gudzinas

Published Jul 12, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We derive the Born rule from p-adic probability theory, showing that quantum measurement probabilities emerge as ultrametric distance functions on the Bruhat-Tits tree. The squaring operation |ψ|² reflects the squared distance in p-adic metric, and Gleason's theorem acquires a geometric interpretation as the homogeneity of ultrametric balls. Companion to RTAQ v0.2.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.21327207

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We derive the Born rule from p-adic probability theory, showing that quantum measurement probabilities emerge as ultrametric distance functions on the Bruhat-Tits tree. The squaring operation |ψ|² reflects the squared distance in p-adic metric, and Gleason's theorem acquires a geometric interpretation as the homogeneity of ultrametric balls. Companion to RTAQ v0.2.
We conjecture that the Born rule probability P = cos²θ is the unique probability-preserving map from p-adic branching distance to measurement correlation on a dendrogramic event structure. The argument proceeds geometrically: two measurement settings correspond to addresses in a p-adic tree; the angle between them is determined by their branching separation as viewed from their common ancestor; cos²θ expresses projection overlap at that angle. We identify this as the Gleason uniqueness theorem restated in ultrametric language. The paper argues that GR and QM dissolve their apparent incompatibility when recognized as lossy projections of a single underlying tree structure — depth encoding causal ancestry, angle encoding physical geometry — and proposes that Planck's constant ℏ functions as the exchange rate between these two readings, determined by the branching sequence of the universe's event tree.
This paper presents a minimal and intuitively accessible derivation of the Born rule based solely on the intrinsic geometric structure of quantum state space.By interpreting measurement as a process of selecting the basis state that lies closest to the current state in the Fubini–Study geometry, the probability lawPi=∣⟨ψ∣ϕi⟩∣2P_i = |\langle \psi | \phi_i \rangle|^2Pi=∣⟨ψ∣ϕi⟩∣2emerges as a direct geometric consequence rather than an independent axiom.The approach requires no assumptions about collapse, decoherence, or measurement models, and provides a unified, conceptually transparent foundation for quantum probability.
Presented is a geometric reformulation of the Born rule for finite-dimensional quantum systems. The state space is identified with complex projective space equipped with its canonical Fubini–Study geometry. Three structural axioms — locality in projective distance, invariance under projective unitaries, and additivity/non-contextuality for orthogonal decompositions — are shown to reduce the problem of transition probabilities to the framework of Gleason's theorem, thereby uniquely determining the transition probability P ([ψ] → [ϕ]) = |⟨ϕ|ψ⟩|2. The argument provides a transparent geometric reformulation and interpretation of Gleason’s theorem. I then show that any relativistic Dirac spinor theory automatically realizes this geometry locally, so the Born rule is inherited without further assumption. Finally, I formulate a precise conjecture for an octonionic analogue involving the exceptional group G2 (or F4/E8), then illustrate the idea with a simple finite toy model derived from the seven imaginary octonions and the Fano plane.
The Born rulethe prescription that measurement probabilities equal the squared mod- ulus of wave function amplitudeshas resisted satisfactory explanation for nearly a century. We argue that this diculty stems from a hidden assumption: that probability names a causal concept requiring causal explanation. Drawing on causal eliminativism, we reinterpret the Born rule not as describing the probabilistic eects of measurement, but as specifying a measure on the space of constraint-satisfying congurations. From this perspective, Glea- son's theorem does not derive probability from quantum mechanics; rather, it identies |ψ|2 as the unique coherent measure compatible with Hilbert space geometry. The question Why does measurement cause probabilistic outcomes? dissolves: there is no causation, hence no probabilistic causation, hence no puzzle. What remains is a geometric fact about constraint structure