Entangled Photons as Excitations of a Proposed Common Physical Guiding Wave: A Bohmian Extension Based on a Hypothetical Photon-Associated Wave Component
In a previous work, I proposed an experimental approach to investigate a hypotheticalphysical wave component associated with photons, capable of contributing to the Bohmianguidance process independently of the localized photon trajectory. In this paper, I explorea possible consequence of this hypothesis for photon entanglement. Assuming the existenceof such a hypothetical physical wave component, I propose that two entangled photonsmay be interpreted as two localized excitations of a common guiding structure rather thanas two independent particles carrying correlated properties. The purpose of this work isnot to modify the predictions of quantum mechanics, but to investigate whether quantumcorrelations may receive a realist ontological interpretation within an extended Bohmianframework. I introduce a common guiding structure WAB associated with an entangledphoton pair. The non-separability of this structure is considered as a possible physicalorigin of the observed correlations. The compatibility of this approach with Bell’s theorem,the Born rule, and relativistic constraints is discussed. At this stage, the proposal remainsphenomenological. A complete dynamical equation for the proposed wave component and aquantitative derivation of quantum statistics remain open problems.
In a previous work, I proposed an experimental approach to investigate a hypotheticalphysical wave component associated with photons, capable of contributing to the Bohmianguidance process independently of the localized photon trajectory. In this paper, I explorea possible consequence of this hypothesis for photon entanglement. Assuming the existenceof such a hypothetical physical wave component, I propose that two entangled photonsmay be interpreted as two localized excitations of a common guiding structure rather thanas two independent particles carrying correlated properties. The purpose of this work isnot to modify the predictions of quantum mechanics, but to investigate whether quantumcorrelations may receive a realist ontological interpretation within an extended Bohmianframework. I introduce a common guiding structure WAB associated with an entangledphoton pair. The non-separability of this structure is considered as a possible physicalorigin of the observed correlations. The compatibility of this approach with Bell’s theorem,the Born rule, and relativistic constraints is discussed. At this stage, the proposal remainsphenomenological. A complete dynamical equation for the proposed wave component and aquantitative derivation of quantum statistics remain open problems.
Quantum entanglement is a central resource of quantum information science, yet its correlations are ordinarily treated as properties of the quantum state rather than as the outcome of an underlying physical process. Here we explore the hypothesis that these correlations are mediated dynamically by a field propagating locally at finite velocity through an extension of ordinary spacetime. The model embeds physical (3,1)-dimensional spacetime in a warped five-dimensional geometry containing an additional timelike coordinate. Within the adopted geometric ansatz, the form of the extended spacetime metric is determined by the five-dimensional vacuum Einstein equations. A massless field propagating through the resulting five-dimensional bulk can mediate correlations whose projection onto observable four-dimensional spacetime connects arbitrarily distant locations at equal laboratory time, while preserving operational no-signaling. Coupling this field to a Bohm--Bub-inspired collapse scheme provides a possible dynamical realization of entanglement correlations and, under a stated statistical consistency condition, reproduces Born statistics. The framework leads to a concrete experimental test. Two nominally independent Bell pairs are predicted to develop a weak, distance-dependent contextual correlation between particles belonging to different pairs, as a consequence of bulk-field mediation. This cross-pair correlation is absent in standard quantum mechanics for independently prepared systems and is predicted to decrease as the inverse square of their separation. It could therefore be tested by varying the distance between two simultaneous Bell experiments using existing photonic technology. Observation of such a signal would support a dynamical spacetime account of quantum entanglement and could have implications for quantum networks employing multiple independent entangled resources.
Bell's theorem is commonly understood as showing that no theory satisfying the relevant locality and separability assumptions can reproduce all quantum correlations. The result is often interpreted as forcing a choice among nonlocality, rejection of hidden variables, denial of measurement independence, or revision of the ontology of quantum systems. This paper develops a philosophy-facing interpretation of Bell correlations within the Geometric Monism (GM) framework. GM models quantum entities as continuous torsional standing-wave structures embedded in a 5-dimensional geometric manifold governed by a universal Planck Stiffness \(\kT=c^4/G\). The central proposal is that Bell-type correlations are best understood, within GM, not as superluminal influences between independent particles, but as boundary projections of a single non-separable geometric entity. The paper does not dispute Bell's theorem, nor does it propose a controllable signaling mechanism. Instead, it examines which ontological assumption fails if entangled systems are not fundamentally composed of separable particle-like subsystems. In GM, an entangled pair is represented as a globally constrained torsional structure whose localized detection events occur at 4-dimensional measurement boundaries. On this view, Bell factorizability fails because the joint system is not decomposable into two independent local beables connected only by a shared hidden variable. The relevant ontology is one continuous non-separable entity with multiple boundary-accessible nodes. The analysis compares GM with standard interpretations of Bell's theorem, including local hidden-variable theories, Bohmian mechanics, Everettian approaches, and operational no-signaling views. It argues that GM occupies a distinct philosophical position: it accepts Bell's mathematical result, preserves no-signaling, rejects point-particle separability, and interprets quantum correlations as arising from continuous geometric non-separability. The paper is intended as a philosophy of physics proposal, not as a replacement for the quantum formalism or a completed physical derivation of Bell correlations.
In this paper we study photon entanglement in the framework of Maxwell–Schwartz field theory. The ambient state space is the complex Maxwellian distribution space W=S′(M4,C3), whose elements are fields of the form F=E→+icB→. Polarization is realized as a two-dimensional complex subspace of W, generated by suitable linearly polarized Maxwellian solutions associated with opposite propagation directions. This yields canonical polarization sectors PA and PB, each naturally isomorphic to C2. Within this setting, the Bell singlet state is represented by a non-factorizable tensorial Maxwellian field in PA⊗PB⊂W⊗W. By means of the induced rotated polarization bases, the standard joint probabilities of the photon polarization experiment are recovered exactly, and the correlation law E(a,b)=−cos(2(a−b)) is obtained. Consequently, the usual CHSH value 22 is reproduced in the Maxwell–Schwartz framework. To clarify the meaning of this violation, we first formulate the CHSH inequality in a purely measure-theoretic form, as a theorem about four correlators represented on a single probability space by bounded measurable functions. We then show that the correlators produced by the intrinsic Maxwellian Bell state do not admit such a common representation. The obstruction is structural: the ontic state is a global non-product field configuration, and the four correlations arise from different polarization resolutions of the same tensorial Maxwellian state. A second main result concerns the Born rule. For L2 scalar quantum states in the domain of the Maxwellian correspondence, we prove that the squared Hilbert norm, times the constant ε0, coincides with the electromagnetic energy of the associated field. This leads to an energy interpretation of the Born rule: the Born probability density is identified with the normalized electromagnetic energy density up to an interference term depending on the chosen Maxwell–Schwartz isomorphism, which assumes the role of a quantum context. In the context of the Aspect and collaborators’ experiment, we prove that, on the other hand, the polarization probabilities become energy contributions of the corresponding field components. These results show that photon entanglement, Bell inequality violation, and the Born rule admit a coherent interpretation within Maxwell–Schwartz field theory, where the basic ontological objects are electromagnetic-like fields rather than abstract state vectors.
The article is dedicated to the analysis of the ontological status of the hidden parameter λ in the context of Bell's theorem and quantum correlations. In the standard formulation of Bell's inequalities, the hidden parameter is attributed to an individual pair of entangled particles: it is assumed that λ determines the measurement outcomes for each specific pair and, therefore, serves as the carrier of correlation at the level of a single event. This interpretation gives rise to a well-known dilemma: the violation of Bell's inequalities in an experiment is interpreted as evidence of the impossibility of any local realistic theory, leading to conclusions about the non-locality of nature or a rejection of realism. The subject of this study is the very legitimacy of attributing the hidden parameter to an individual pair of particles. The question is posed: is λ a property of a single pair or a characteristic of a statistical ensemble? The problem is considered in the context of the classical philosophical opposition between the singular and the general, as well as the mereological relationship between parts and the whole in relation to the quantum-mechanical description of reality. A conceptual analysis of the mathematical structure of Bell's theorem is employed, along with a comparison of the ontological assumptions of the standard and ensemble interpretations, as well as a philosophical analysis of the levels of realization of correlation. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the explicit formulation of the question regarding the level of ontological belonging of the hidden parameter—a question that is typically not addressed in standard discussions around Bell's theorem. It is shown that attributing λ to an individual pair of particles represents not an experimentally justified fact, but an ontological assumption embedded in the formalism at the stage of its construction. This assumption predetermines the interpretation of the results: the violation of Bell's inequalities is perceived as a collapse of local realism only under the condition that correlation must be realized at the level of a single pair. If the correlation is realized at the level of the ensemble—through the structure of the distribution ρ(λ)—then the violation of Bell's inequalities indicates not non-locality, but the inadequacy of an individual ontology of the hidden parameter. The conclusion is that the standard interpretation of Bell's theorem conflates two ontological levels of description, and a correct delineation of these levels removes the necessity of choosing between non-locality and a rejection of realism.
Based on the Bell theorem and the resulting interpretation of the violation of Bell inequalities by experimental data, it has been believed that a theoretical computation of Bell correlations requires explicit use of the entanglement formalism. Physically this implies a permanent superposition of light waves in spite of the physical separation that occurs in the course of their propagation to spatially separated detectors. Nevertheless, in the present model, Bell correlations are calculated using explicitly separated waves with photon occurrence probabilities given by wave intensities based on nonlinear optics and quantum electrodynamics. The non-locality implied in the conventional calculation is thereby eliminated, but interference effects between photon excited waves and vacuum waves are assumed, as specified to be necessary in the design of Bell-experiment sources.
Abstract This work presents an interpretation of the phenomenon of quantum entanglement within the framework of the Topological Model of Physics (MTF). It is proposed that correlations between particles can be described in terms of a shared global phase or structure, defined at the common origin of the particles in the system. This phase does not determine pre-existing values of observables, but rather acts as a common geometric or topological constraint that is preserved during separation, whose projection in each measurement depends on the experimental context. In this approach, such a phase does not require dynamical evolution during the separation of the particles, and therefore the observed correlations need not be interpreted in terms of action at a distance at the moment of measurement. This proposal is related to the original formulation of the EPR paradox, as well as to the restrictions imposed by Bell’s inequalities and their experimental verifications, particularly in the works of Alain Aspect and CHSH. In this framework, the notion of “spooky action at a distance” is considered unnecessary as an explanatory element, since correlations are interpreted as the manifestation of a structure shared from the origin. A form of state or structural realism is preserved, but not a classical realism of pre-existing values; furthermore, there is no signal transmission and the limit imposed by the speed of light is respected. In standard quantum theory, when a property of an entangled particle is measured, the collapse of the wave function common to both particles occurs. Therefore, the value of the property measured in one of them determines the value of that same property in the other. The theory is fully verified experimentally, but it does not explicitly state the physical mechanism underlying this result. The aim of this presentation is to offer a physical interpretation of an underlying mechanism.