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The Relativity of Objectivity: Quantum Darwinism at the Horizon

Rolando P. Hong Enriquez

Published Jul 9, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum Darwinism explains objectivity through the redundant copying of a system's record into many environmental fragments. This paper extends that account to observers in relativity — accelerated observers and observers near horizons, for whom part of the environment lies causally beyond reach. Rather than assuming the record structure, the paper derives it from the causal split of the environment. An accelerated observer's accessible records turn out to be thermal, warmed to the temperature associated with the horizon, and the same construction applies to accelerated frames, cosmological horizons, and black holes alike. On this foundation it proves several results: objectivity requires both that a system lose its quantum coherence and that its records stay legible, and these two demands depend oppositely on the horizon temperature; there is a critical acceleration beyond which no redundant, readable record survives even as decoherence continues; and whether an objective record exists is agreed by all observers, though they disagree on how redundant — how objective — it is. At a black-hole horizon this yields "information without objectivity," where a fact can be globally present yet no longer objective. All closed-form results are proved and numerically verified, and the central prediction — a temperature-tunable threshold where objectivity is lost — is testable on analog quantum simulators. In short: near a horizon a fact can still be there for everyone yet objective for no one — classicality, it turns out, depends on the observer and how fast they are moving.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.21277336

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Quantum Darwinism explains objectivity through the redundant copying of a system's record into many environmental fragments. This paper extends that account to observers in relativity — accelerated observers and observers near horizons, for whom part of the environment lies causally beyond reach. Rather than assuming the record structure, the paper derives it from the causal split of the environment. An accelerated observer's accessible records turn out to be thermal, warmed to the temperature associated with the horizon, and the same construction applies to accelerated frames, cosmological horizons, and black holes alike. On this foundation it proves several results: objectivity requires both that a system lose its quantum coherence and that its records stay legible, and these two demands depend oppositely on the horizon temperature; there is a critical acceleration beyond which no redundant, readable record survives even as decoherence continues; and whether an objective record exists is agreed by all observers, though they disagree on how redundant — how objective — it is. At a black-hole horizon this yields "information without objectivity," where a fact can be globally present yet no longer objective. All closed-form results are proved and numerically verified, and the central prediction — a temperature-tunable threshold where objectivity is lost — is testable on analog quantum simulators. In short: near a horizon a fact can still be there for everyone yet objective for no one — classicality, it turns out, depends on the observer and how fast they are moving.
This paper examines the role of Quantum Darwinism in explaining the emergence of classical objectivity within The Many-Worlds Interpretation of quantum mechanics. Decoherence explains why macroscopically distinct alternatives become practically inaccessible to local observers, but it does not by itself explain why multiple observers can independently agree on the same classical state. Quantum Darwinism strengthens this account by describing how information about stable pointer states becomes redundantly encoded in environmental fragments. However, this paper argues that redundancy is necessary for objectivity but not enough to explain objectivity. A simple qubit test model implemented in Qiskit is used to demonstrate redundant environmental coding. The discussion connects this claim to Strong Quantum Darwinism, Spectrum Broadcast Structure, and Quantum Discord, which sharpen the distinction between mere correlation and objective classical records. Finally, this paper proposes phase anti-redundancy as a future direction; While pointer state information becomes locally redundant, cross-branch phase information appears to remain globally encoded and increasingly difficult to recover. This suggests that branch objectivity may require not only redundant classical records, but also the fact that cross-branch phase information is encoded in global correlations rather than in locally accessible environmental fragments.
Inflation stretches quantum vacuum fluctuations into the density ripples we later see imprinted on the cosmic microwave background, yet the initial state is a pure, highly squeezed quantum state. The usual explanation for why those ripples look classical appeals to decoherence and the fading of a "decaying mode." This paper argues that the sharper statement is objectivity: the ripples become a fact for all observers, in the precise sense of quantum Darwinism, exactly when the growing perturbation is redundantly recorded across a vast environment of short-wavelength and gravitational-wave modes. The paper models a single super-horizon mode and its environment exactly. It proves that, once the mode crosses the horizon, its amplitude is recorded so redundantly that even a tiny fragment of the environment already fixes it, while the number of independent records grows without bound as the universe expands. Horizon crossing is therefore a Darwinism–encoding transition: an information measure rises from zero to one bit as the mode freezes. And the environment singles out one objective observable — the curvature amplitude — while its conjugate is only globally encoded, readable by no bounded fragment. The results are closed-form, and their exact algebraic cores are verified by proof-checking software. The record strength is not a free parameter: it is fixed by the mode's decoherence, computed from gravitational theory, and the leftover quantum coherence falls off exponentially with the redundancy. In short: the sky is classical not merely because it decohered, but because horizon crossing broadcast it — copying each primordial fluctuation until it became a fact for everyone.
Why does the world look solid and definite when the physics underneath it is quantum and fuzzy? Quantum Darwinism offers an answer that adds nothing to quantum mechanics: a fact becomes objective not because someone measures it, but because the environment copies it many times over. Light, air, and surroundings each carry redundant imprints of the same property, so many observers can independently read it, agree on it, and not disturb it. Objectivity, in this view, is simply redundancy of record. Across twenty studies, this program showed that in setting after setting — ordinary measurement, broken symmetry, topological matter, gravity, black holes, the early universe, monitored circuits, reference frames, causal order, and more — the properties that become objective are always the same special kind: the ones that every observer can read without conflict. The technical name for this shared core is the "center" of the observable algebra. This paper is the program's capstone, and it does two things. First, as a synthesis, it gathers the twenty results into one coherent picture: a single master table identifying the objective core in each setting and the complementary "hidden" information left behind; one unifying trade-off principle relating what is broadcast to what stays encoded; a link between the static picture (which properties are objective) and the dynamic one (how a system crosses over from classical-like broadcasting to information-hiding); a single shared experimental signature — a "redundancy plateau" measurable on near-term quantum hardware; and a dependency map showing the whole program rests on a small common toolbox. Second, as new mathematics, it proves two results the synthesis had made precise. The classification theorem shows that any property capable of being objective must be classical in a strict sense — it cannot be freely copied unless it is, and under a symmetry the objective core is pinned down uniquely as the largest shareable part. The complementarity dichotomy shows that the trade-off laws seen across the program come in exactly two distinct families, separated by a single criterion, and proves they cannot be collapsed into one universal formula. The mathematical cores of both theorems are machine-checked in the Lean 4 proof assistant, and the quantitative claims are reproduced by self-testing code. The one-line summary: classicality is the emergence of a shared core, its objectivity is the redundancy of that core, and what the core leaves behind is the hidden, encoded remainder.
Across the twenty papers above, one idea recurs: an observable becomes an objective classical fact — redundantly recorded so that many observers agree on it without disturbance — exactly when it lies in the "center" of the algebra of accessible observables. This capstone consolidates the whole program (Q1–Q20) and, above the synthesis, proves the two questions it had left open. As a synthesis it organizes the twenty results into five pieces: a master-table classification of the objective center across every arena; a general "objective-plus-encoded" complementarity relating the center to its hidden quantum shadow; a flow linking the static arenas to their dynamical transitions; a unified table of falsifiable predictions sharing one signature, a redundancy plateau; and a dependency map showing the program is one edifice on a small toolbox. Above the synthesis it proves two theorems: a classification theorem — an objective observable must be central and classical, and for a symmetry the objective center is exactly the algebra of conserved-charge labels, the largest broadcastable sector; and a complementarity dichotomy — the arena-specific trade-offs split into exactly two families, multiplicative (entanglement, coherence) and additive (entropies), sorted by a simple test and provably not reducible to one inequality. The paper closes with a near-term experiment: on a monitored circuit or a driven-dissipative pointer, a conserved charge's redundancy plateau — how many independent fragments can read it — should rise sharply as objectivity switches on, and its absence would falsify the picture. In short: one center underlies many worlds. Across cosmology, black holes, gauge theory, broken symmetries, monitored circuits, and the rest, the same simple thing keeps happening — a physical fact becomes classical exactly when it settles into the center of what observers can access, it becomes objective in proportion to how redundantly that center is copied into the environment, and whatever is left outside the center is precisely the quantum part that no amount of copying can ever broadcast. The many worlds of the program are not many mechanisms but one: classicality is the birth of a center, objectivity is its redundancy, and the quantum is its shadow. The capstone turns this picture into two theorems and a single experimental signature — a redundancy plateau — so that the same idea that explains why the sky looks classical can be tested on a chip.
Two of the deepest ideas in many-body physics turn out to be about the same thing. Thermalization explains how a system forgets its details as it settles toward equilibrium: almost every local property blurs into a single smooth thermal value. Quantum Darwinism explains how the world comes to look classical, by having the environment copy a property many times over so that separate observers all read the same value without disturbing it. What this paper shows is that the properties which resist the thermal blurring are the very ones the environment copies. The sector that survives erasure is the sector that becomes objective. The argument compares two quantities, both built from the same thing, namely the reading of a local property across the system's energy states. One quantity tracks how much that reading still varies from state to state, which is a measure of how firmly the property refuses to blur away. The other tracks how well separated patches of the system agree on the property's value, which is a measure of how redundantly it gets recorded. The first result is that these two quantities always rise and fall together and cannot move apart: if a property is redundantly recorded across many patches then it must also resist blurring, and the converse holds too. From there the paper builds a single bridge. A property becomes an objective classical fact if and only if it is a conserved label that thermalization cannot erase. This turns out to reproduce a known classification of which properties can become objective, together with its two regimes. In ordinary chaotic systems only energy survives as objective; in specially disordered ones a whole family of conserved labels does. What a system cannot forget is what becomes real to us. A local property either dissolves into the thermal background and leaves no trace, or it holds on as a conserved label that refuses to average away. Those persistent labels are the ones the environment copies again and again, until enough observers agree on them that they carry the weight of solid classical facts. So the two programs are really one story. Thermalization does the erasing, and objectivity is whatever is left standing once the erasing is done. The striking part is that the same quantity a physicist already computes to test whether a system thermalizes also reads out which of its properties can cross into the classical world.
When the control of a "quantum switch" loses its coherence, the order in which operations happen becomes definite rather than genuinely quantum. Recent work has made this precise. This paper points out that a definite causal order is not yet an objective one — a fact that many independent observers can all agree on and independently confirm. Reading the loss of control coherence as an instance of quantum Darwinism, the paper shows that the same irreversible broadcasting that makes a causal order definite makes it objective only when the record is redundantly copied across many environmental fragments — and that objectivity is strictly more expensive than mere definiteness. It proves that definiteness is reached with a fixed amount of broadcasting, being a property of the local state, whereas objectivity demands broadcasting in proportion to the number of observers who must agree; so there is a genuine "definite but not objective" regime. It also shows the process converges to an explicit classical mixture of the two possible orders — a constructive certificate that the order has become definite — and that the emergent objective order is a fixed, observer-independent causal link. The paper is explicit that the definiteness transition itself is due to prior work; its own contribution is the objectivity refinement, placing the long-anticipated emergence of classical causal structure inside quantum Darwinism. In short: a causal order can be definite for one observer and still not yet be a fact for all.