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Geometric Phases as Probes of Dark Sectors and Fundamental Symmetries

Antonio Capolupo, Gabriele Pisacane, Raoul Serao

Published Jul 8, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We review recent interferometric schemes designed to probe physics beyond the Standard Model through the detection of geometric phases. Within the kinematic approach to non-cyclic geometric phases, we discuss how interactions with hidden-sector degrees of freedom, such as axion-like particles and mirror-matter candidates, can induce potentially observable phase shifts in ordinary fermionic systems. We further show how the same geometric framework can be extended to particle mixing systems and fundamental symmetries, providing a phase-based signature of the Charge–Parity–Time (CPT) violation. These results illustrate how geometric phases can encode information that is not always directly accessible through standard transition probabilities, making quantum interferometry a complementary tool for testing dark-sector interactions, fundamental properties of elementary particles, acceleration-induced quantum-field effects, and phase-based thermometry. We also critically assess the experimental requirements and limitations of the proposed schemes.

DOI
10.3390/particles9030071

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We review recent interferometric schemes designed to probe physics beyond the Standard Model through the detection of geometric phases. Within the kinematic approach to non-cyclic geometric phases, we discuss how interactions with hidden-sector degrees of freedom, such as axion-like particles and mirror-matter candidates, can induce potentially observable phase shifts in ordinary fermionic systems. We further show how the same geometric framework can be extended to particle mixing systems and fundamental symmetries, providing a phase-based signature of the Charge–Parity–Time (CPT) violation. These results illustrate how geometric phases can encode information that is not always directly accessible through standard transition probabilities, making quantum interferometry a complementary tool for testing dark-sector interactions, fundamental properties of elementary particles, acceleration-induced quantum-field effects, and phase-based thermometry. We also critically assess the experimental requirements and limitations of the proposed schemes.
Quantum phase measurements offer a complementary route to axion searches. We show that axion-photon interactions can imprint both Aharonov-Bohm (AB) and Berry phases in experimentally motivated quantum setups. For a coherently oscillating axion dark matter background, the induced effective current generates a time dependent magnetic flux in an rf-SQUID, leading to a measurable voltage signal through the Josephson phase. For representative benchmarks, this AB phase search reaches the minimum axion-photon coupling gaγγmin∼7.8×10−14 GeV−1g_{aγγ}^{\mathrm{min}}\sim 7.8\times10^{-14}~\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}gaγγmin​∼7.8×10−14 GeV−1 at axion mass ma∼10−10 eVm_a\sim 10^{-10}~\mathrm{eV}ma​∼10−10 eV, with projected sensitivity that can improve on existing limits in that parameter space by roughly one to two orders of magnitude. We also identify a geometric phase observable in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an adiabatically rotating magnetic field, providing a proof-of-principle phase-based probe of meV-scale axions even when they do not constitute the dark matter, although sensitivity on the coupling remains weaker than current bounds with conservative tabletop benchmarks. Extending the analysis to a three level photon-axion quasiparticle (AQP)-axion system, with the AQP realized in a topological magnetic insulator, we find a potentially measurable THz Berry phase dominated by the AQP sector, furnishing a nontrivial validation of the formalism in a richer coupled system. These setups establish quantum phase observables as a useful new framework for axion searches, with immediate phenomenological promise in superconducting circuits and longer term potential in quantum enhanced interferometry.
Quantum phase measurements offer a complementary route to axion searches. We show that axion-photon interactions can imprint both Aharonov-Bohm (AB) and Berry phases in experimentally motivated quantum setups. For a coherently oscillating axion dark matter background, the induced effective current generates a time dependent magnetic flux in an rf-SQUID, leading to a measurable voltage signal through the Josephson phase. For representative benchmarks, this AB phase search reaches the minimum axion-photon coupling gaγγ_{aγγ}aγγ​min^{min}min ∼ 7.8 × 10−14^{-14}−14 GeV−1^{-1}−1 at axion mass ma_aa​ ∼ 10−10^{-10}−10 eV, with projected sensitivity that can improve on existing limits in that parameter space by roughly one to two orders of magnitude. We also identify a geometric phase observable in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an adiabatically rotating magnetic field, providing a proof-of-principle phase-based probe of meV-scale axions even when they do not constitute the dark matter, although sensitivity on the coupling remains weaker than current bounds with conservative tabletop benchmarks. Extending the analysis to a three level photon-axion quasiparticle (AQP)-axion system, with the AQP realized in a topological magnetic insulator, we find a potentially measurable THz Berry phase dominated by the AQP sector, furnishing a nontrivial validation of the formalism in a richer coupled system. These setups establish quantum phase observables as a useful new framework for axion searches, with immediate phenomenological promise in superconducting circuits and longer term potential in quantum enhanced interferometry.
We discuss the appearance of geometric quantum phases for a Dirac neutral particle in the context of relativistic quantum mechanics based on possible scenarios of the Lorentz symmetry violation tensor background in the CPT-even gauge sector of Standard Model Extension. We assume that the Lorentz symmetry breaking is determined by a tensor background given by [Formula: see text], then, relativistic analogues of the Anandan quantum phase [J. Anandan, Phys. Lett. A 138, 347 (1989)] are obtained based on the parity-even and parity-odd sectors of the tensor [Formula: see text].
We report on recent results showing that the geometric phase can be used as a tool in the analysis of many different physical systems, as mixed boson systems, CPT and CP violations, Unruh effects and thermal states. We show that the geometric phases appearing in the time evolution of mixed meson systems like Bs0−Bˉs0B_{s}^{0}-\bar{B}_{s}^{0}Bs0​−Bˉs0​ and the K0−Kˉ0K^{0}-\bar{K}^{0}K0−Kˉ0 are linked to the parameter zzz describing the CPTCPTCPT violation. A non zero phase difference between particle and antiparticle arises only in the presence of CPTCPTCPT symmetry breaking. Then the geometric phase can represent a completely new test for the CPTCPTCPT invariance. Moreover, we study the geometric phase of systems represented by mixed state and undergoing a nonunitary evolution and propose the realization of interferometers which can prove the existence of the Unruh effect and can allow very precise measurements of temperature. We are glad to dedicate this paper to Professor Gaetano Vilasi in the occasion of his 70th birthday.
We report on the recent results revealing the presence of the geometric phase in all the systems characterized by particle creation from vacuum and vacuum condensates. This fact makes the geometric phase a useful tool in the study and the understanding of disparate phenomena. Its possible application ranges from the dynamical Casimir effect to the Hawking effect, from quantum field theory in curved space to the study of CP and CPT symmetries, from the graphen physics to superconductivity and to the Bose Einstein condensate. Here, we consider the possibility of the detection of the Unruh effect and of the fabrication of a very precise quantum thermometer. We analyze the Mukunda-Simon phase for a two level atom system and consider two case: 1) atoms accelerated in electromagnetic field, and 2) atoms interacting with thermal states. The Mukunda-Simon phase generalizes the Berry phase to the case of non-cyclic and non-adiabatic evolutions; therefore it represents a more useful instrument in experimental implementations with respect to the Berry phase.
New interactions mediated by novel particles propose solutions to several important questions in modern physics. Axions serve as examples of such particles; they are lightweight and interact weakly with ordinary matter. This category of particles, including those similar to axions-termed Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)-arises from diverse theoretical frameworks, such as the Peccei-Quinn mechanism addressing the strong CP problem, string theory, and spontaneous supersymmetry breaking. Given their light mass and weak coupling, ALPs are also possible candidates for cold dark matter. Introducing these new interactions mediated by novel particles not only tackles several challenges in modern physics but also raises a crucial question: Are there undiscovered interactions beyond the Standard Model? Many of the interactions predicted by these theories are spin-dependent, which is the primary focus of this review. In this review, we first outline the theoretical foundations for investigating exotic spin-dependent interactions, highlighting their importance in various models beyond the Standard Model. We examine the potential roles of new lightweight particles in mediating these interactions, which may enhance our understanding of dark matter. Relevant formulas derived from theoretical models are included to support experimental investigations. Following this theoretical framework, we conduct a detailed review of recent experimental efforts to detect these exotic interactions. A systematic review of current constraints on these interactions is presented, along with an assessment of various detection approaches.