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From Public Key Infrastructure to Post-Quantum Cryptography: The SECURED Approach

Vasiliki Diamantopoulou, Κωνσταντίνος Μαλιάτσος, Stefanos Vasileiadis, Thanassis Giannetsos, Stylianos A. Kazazis, Symeon Tsintzos

Published May 20, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/ict70370.2026.11594786

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Quantum computing is developing quickly, and that's a big problem for traditional encryption techniques such as RSA and elliptic curve cryptography. Shor's algorithm, a quantum algorithm, specifically calls into question the long-term security that Public Key Infrastructures (PKIs) currently rely on. So, this thesis investigates how new post-quantum cryptography methods can be integrated into the public key infrastructure that businesses already use. This thesis examines the problems, both theoretical and practical, that arise when switching to cryptography resistant to quantum attacks. This thesis specifically examines how the NIST-selected algorithms, Kyber and Dilithium, are used in hybrid X.509 certificates that combine classical and post-quantum signatures.A test PKI environment was set up using OpenSSL-OQS and OpenXPKI to facilitate the testing process. Important PKI processes were examined in this setting, including TLS handshakes, certificate issuance, validation, and revocation. The results show that integrating PQC increases key and certificate sizes and also causes a moderate performance overhead. However, hybrid approaches offer a practical way to switch over. Lattice-based algorithms are particularly advantageous because they provide a strong balance of security, speed, and compatibility with existing systems. Using this information, a method was developed to help organizations gradually transition to a more secure system for managing their digital keys. This thesis connects advanced cryptography research with how businesses actually use it. It offers useful ideas and advice for companies getting ready for an age after quantum computing.
The recent development in Quantum Computing is creating a potential threat to many Digital Banking Systems currently being used today. Most banking systems today use Classical Public Key Cryptography technologies like RSA and Elliptical Curve Cryptography that will be broken by a very powerful, large-scale Quantum Computer. Because financial data typically has to be kept private for an extended time period, this problem creates a major long-term risk. This research proposes a Hybrid Post-Quantum Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Framework for the improvement of banking security while maintaining compatibility with the existing banking systems. Rather than immediately replacing all classical cryptographic mechanisms, the Hybrid Post-Quantum Solution utilizes a combination of post-quantum algorithms along with traditional techniques. The proposed Hybrid Post-Quantum PKI model provides a reasonable and scalable path for banks to transition their systems from current quantum-vulnerable security infrastructures to new quantum-resilient security infrastructures.
Development of Quantum Computers are growing rapidly, the security of today’s cryptographic systems which are working with Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is at serious risk. RSA and ECC algorithms are the backbone of secure communication and digital identity can be breakable by quantum algorithms such as Shor’s. Hence, a transition is required to Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), which is designed to handle quantum attacks. This work provides a detailed review of how PQC can be integrated with the existing PKI, with a special focus on the auto-enrollment process. Auto-enrollment is an essential process but often overlooked mechanism, responsible for automatically issuing and renewing digital certificates. First, we explored how current PKI systems are exposed to the quantum threats and the readiness. The performance of the algorithms that are standardized by NIST, such as Kyber and Dilithium were discussed. We analyze the technical and operational challenges of transitioning to PQC by referencing both research studies and real-world implementations from major industry players such as Google and Microsoft. These include large key size, certificate size, compatibility issues, complex computations and need for crypto-agility. We also examine the hybrid approaches that combine classical and post-quantum methods as traditional strategies. The survey concludes by outlining best practices, deployment considerations, and open research challenges that must be addressed for a smooth, secure, and scalable shift to quantum-safe PKI. This work aims to guide researchers, engineers, and policymakers in building the next generation of cryptographic infrastructure that can stand the test-time even in a quantum world.