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SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics

Local Density Approximations of 3D Self-Gravitating Bose–Einstein Condensates

Dinh-Thi Nguyen

Published Jul 9, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract. In the infinite three-dimensional space, we study a homogeneous nonrelativistic Schrödinger Hamiltonian describing a self-gravitating Bose gas with two types of interactions: a repulsive scaled interaction modeled by [Formula: see text] and an attractive Newtonian potential of the form [Formula: see text]. We investigate the mean-field limit as the number of particles [Formula: see text], with coupling parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] satisfying [Formula: see text]. In this regime, we rigorously derive the corresponding Gross–Pitaevskii–Poisson theory. Furthermore, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of the condensate profile in two opposite limiting cases: when [Formula: see text], the system is well approximated by a Thomas–Fermi-type model, whereas when [Formula: see text], the condensate approaches a Choquard–Pekar-type profile.

DOI
10.1137/25m1783114

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Abstract. In the infinite three-dimensional space, we study a homogeneous nonrelativistic Schrödinger Hamiltonian describing a self-gravitating Bose gas with two types of interactions: a repulsive scaled interaction modeled by [Formula: see text] and an attractive Newtonian potential of the form [Formula: see text]. We investigate the mean-field limit as the number of particles [Formula: see text], with coupling parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] satisfying [Formula: see text]. In this regime, we rigorously derive the corresponding Gross–Pitaevskii–Poisson theory. Furthermore, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of the condensate profile in two opposite limiting cases: when [Formula: see text], the system is well approximated by a Thomas–Fermi-type model, whereas when [Formula: see text], the condensate approaches a Choquard–Pekar-type profile.
Abstract. We consider a one-dimensional, trapped, focusing Bose gas where [Formula: see text] bosons interact with each other via both a two-body interaction potential of the form [Formula: see text] and an attractive three-body interaction potential of the form [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]. The system is stable either for any [Formula: see text] as long as [Formula: see text] —the critical strength of the one-dimensional focusing quintic nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation— or for [Formula: see text] when [Formula: see text]. In the former case, fixing [Formula: see text], we prove that in the mean-field limit the many-body system exhibits the Bose–Einstein condensation on the cubic-quintic NLS ground states. When assuming [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] as [Formula: see text], with the former convergence being slow enough and “not faster” than the latter, we prove that the ground state of the system is fully condensed on the (unique) solution to the quintic NLS equation. In the latter case, [Formula: see text] fixed, we obtain the convergence of many-body energy for small [Formula: see text] when [Formula: see text] is fixed. Finally, we analyze the behavior of the many-body ground states when the convergence [Formula: see text] is “faster” than the slow enough convergence [Formula: see text].
We investigate the behavior of a homogeneous one-dimensional Bose gas composed of NNN identical bosons experiencing attractive two-body and repulsive three-body interactions. Utilizing intermediate Hartree theory, we rigorously derive the homogeneous cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger functional as the mean-field limit of the many-body Hamiltonian. Particular attention is given to the impact of the repulsive three-body term on ground state energy estimates and mass concentration properties
We study the characteristics of Bose-Einstein condensates formed by the action of three different potentials: Newtonian self-gravity, hard-sphere repulsion (the Gross-Pittaevski potential), and a harmonic trap potential as used in laboratory experiments. We show that in a certain regime a condensate can form which is much larger than predicted by the quantum self-gravitational ground state radius. Furthermore, the size is independent of the number of particles in the condensate. We speculate that massive objects of this type may form in extreme isolation through gravitational accretion onto a fixed-size object. We propose that these be called deep-space quantum objects, or DSQOs (discos). Analytical Hartree-Fock solutions for the DSQO ground state are obtained, along with a formula for the limiting DSQO radius and energy. These are then compared with numerical calculations. Prospects for DSQO formation are briefly discussed with emphasis on possible cooling mechanisms and the dynamic stability of structures formed by accretion.
We study the ground state and the first three radially excited states of a self-gravitating Bose-Einstein condensate with respect to the influence of two external parameters, the total mass and the strength of interactions between particles. For this we use the so-called Gross-Pitaevskii-Newton system. In this context we especially determine the case of very high total masses where the ground state solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii-Newton system can be approximated with the Thomas-Fermi limit. Furthermore, stability properties of the computed radially excited states are examined by applying arguments of the catastrophe theory.
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