Gaping Photon Telegraph (GTP) is a novel quantum communication protocol that encodes information using the survival or death of photons in an entangled three-particle system A-B-C. Unlike conventional quantum key distribution which uses photon polarization or phase states, GTP deliberately uses weak entanglement between photons B and C, acting as a "gaping string" that breaks upon any disturbance. Core Concept:- Bit 0: Photon B survives → measured as 0 at receiver C- Bit 1: Photon B dies/decouheres due to entanglement disturbance → measured as 1 at receiver C Key Features:1. Eavesdropper Detection: Any measurement by an eavesdropper destroys entanglement and kills the photon. The act of spying becomes the alarm signal itself.2. GM144 Cipher: A 144×144 coordinate matrix mapping 20,736 positions to dictionary words. Each transmission sends one coordinate instead of spelling letters, enabling word-level secure communication.3. Triple-Repeat Error Correction: Each bit is sent as 111 + Bit×3 + 000 with majority voting to distinguish natural photon death from intentional hacking.4. No FTL Violation: Receiver requires pre-shared GM144 dictionary. No information is transmitted faster than light, complying with quantum no-signaling theorem. This paper presents the theoretical framework, frame structure, and GM144 dictionary system for GTP. The method transforms photon decoherence from a problem into a communication resource, creating a quantum alarm system rather than a quantum telephone. Author: Aditya Borah, Sapekhati, Assam, IndiaDate: April 2026
Gaping Photon Telegraph (GTP) is a novel quantum communication protocol that encodes information using the survival or death of photons in an entangled three-particle system A-B-C. Unlike conventional quantum key distribution which uses photon polarization or phase states, GTP deliberately uses weak entanglement between photons B and C, acting as a "gaping string" that breaks upon any disturbance. Core Concept:- Bit 0: Photon B survives → measured as 0 at receiver C- Bit 1: Photon B dies/decouheres due to entanglement disturbance → measured as 1 at receiver C Key Features:1. Eavesdropper Detection: Any measurement by an eavesdropper destroys entanglement and kills the photon. The act of spying becomes the alarm signal itself.2. GM144 Cipher: A 144×144 coordinate matrix mapping 20,736 positions to dictionary words. Each transmission sends one coordinate instead of spelling letters, enabling word-level secure communication.3. Triple-Repeat Error Correction: Each bit is sent as 111 + Bit×3 + 000 with majority voting to distinguish natural photon death from intentional hacking.4. No FTL Violation: Receiver requires pre-shared GM144 dictionary. No information is transmitted faster than light, complying with quantum no-signaling theorem. This paper presents the theoretical framework, frame structure, and GM144 dictionary system for GTP. The method transforms photon decoherence from a problem into a communication resource, creating a quantum alarm system rather than a quantum telephone. Author: Aditya Borah, Sapekhati, Assam, IndiaDate: April 2026
This paper proposes a quantum communication scheme for sending a definite binary sequence while confirming the security of the transmission. The scheme is very suitable for sending a ciphertext in a secret-key cryptosystem so that we can detect any eavesdropper who attempts to decipher the key. Thus we can continue to use a secret key unless we detect eavesdropping and the security of a key that is used repeatedly can be enhanced to the level of one-time-pad cryptography. In our scheme, a pair of entangled photon twins is employed as a bit carrier which is encoded in a two-term superposition of four Bell states. Different bases are employed for encoding the binary sequence of a ciphertext and a random test bit. The photon twins are measured with a Bell state analyzer and any bit can be decoded from the resultant Bell state when the receiver is later notified of the coding basis through a classical channel. By opening the positions and the values of test bits, ciphertext can be read and eavesdropping is simultaneously detected.
Secure communication that allows only the sender and intended recipient of a message to view its content has a long history. Quantum objects, such as single photons are ideal carriers for secure information transmission because, according to the no-cloning theorem [1], it is impossible to create an identical and independent copy of an arbitrary quantum state while its detection leads to the information distortion. BB84 [2,3] is the first quantum cryptography protocol for a quantum key generation and distribution, based on single photon sources. This quantum key is used for coding and decoding of classical information. We propose completely different protocol based on a stochastic decay of an ensemble of radioactive nuclei randomly emitting a stream of gamma-photons. We experimentally demonstrate a method how to transmit classical information containing binary bits (0 or 1) with the help of this stream. Transmission is organized such that eavesdropping is impossible since the presence of information in the stream of randomly emitted gamma-photons can be hidden. Reading of this information needs precise knowledge of the repetition rate of its sending in advance. It is unrealistic for the eavesdropper to disclose this rate, and without knowledge of this parameter it is impossible to make the transmitted information visible.
Recently, a quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol based on the mixture of Bell state particles and single photons[Acta Phys. Sin. 65 230301(2016)] was put forward. In this QSDC protocol, the single photons and the Bell states were both used as information carriers. To be specific, each Bell state as well as single photon was encoded by three bits of classical information. After the sender told the receiver how to measure the particles, the receiver could read out the secret message sent by the sender. Speciously, the information transmission efficiency of this protocol was high. Unfortunately, there exists the information leakage problem in this protocol. When the sender announces that the receiver uses the Z-basis to measure a single photon, everyone knows that the sent secret message is 000 or 001, that is, the first two bits are leaked out; when the sender announces that the receiver uses the X-basis to measure a single photon, everyone knows that the sent secret message is 010 or 011, that is, the first two bits are leaked out too; when the sender announces that the receiver uses the Bell-basis to measure a pair of particles from a Bell state, everyone knows that the sent secret message is 100, 101, 110 or 111, that is, the first bit is leaked out. In a word, two of the three bits of classical information encoded in a single photon, and one of the three bits of classical information encoded in a Bell state are leaked out. Therefore, this scheme is not secure. On the basis of keeping the original idea and changing the contents of the protocol as less as possible, we put forward an improved message encoding rule to solve the information leakage problem, that is, the single photon is only encoded by one bit of classical information, and the Bell state is only encoded by two bits of classical information. In fact, this makes the information capacity of the improved protocol achieves the Helovo bound. So it has high coding capacity. We hope researchers pay more attention to the information leakage problem in quantum secure communication protocols, and thus design truly secure ones.
A new paradigm for secure communication, based on quantum illumination, is proposed. Alice uses spontaneous parametric down-conversion to send Bob a set of signal modes over a pure-loss channel while retaining the set of idler modes with which they are maximally entangled. Bob imposes a single information bit on the modes he receives from Alice via binary phase-shift keying. He then adds classical Gaussian noise and sends the noisy modulated modes back to Alice over the same pure-loss channel. Even though the loss and noise destroy any entanglement between the modes that Alice receives from Bob and the idler modes she has retained, she can decode Bob's bit with an error probability that can be orders of magnitude lower than what is achieved by a passive eavesdropper who receives all the photons that are lost en route from Alice to Bob and from Bob to Alice.
Cryptographic world has faced multiple challenges that are included in encoding and decoding transmitting information into a secure communication channel. Quantum cryptography may be another generation of the cryptography world, which is based on the law of physics. After decades of using the classical cryptography, there is an essential need to move a step forward through the most trusted systems, especially enormous amount of data flows through billions of communicating channels (e.g. The internet), and keeping this transmitting information away from eavesdropping is obligatory. Moreover, quantum cryptography has proved its standing against many weaknesses in the classical cryptography. One of these weaknesses is the ability to copy any type of information using a passive attack without an interruption, which is impossible in the quantum system. Theoretically, several quantum observables are utilized to diagnose an action of one particle. These observables are included in measuring mass, movement, speed, etc. The polarization of one photon occurs normally and randomly in the space. Any interruption that happens during sending of a light will cause a deconstruction of the light polarization. Therefore, particles’ movement in a three-dimensional space is supported by Non-Cloning theory that makes eavesdroppers unable to interrupt a communication system. In case an eavesdropper tried to interrupt a photon, the photon will be destroyed after passing the photon into a quantum detector or any measurement device. In the last decades, many Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols have been created to initiate a secret key during encoding and decoding transmitted data operations. Some of these protocols were proven un-secure based on the quantum attacks that were released early. Even though the power of physics is still active and the Non-Cloning theory is unbroken, some QKD protocols failed during the security measurements. The main reason of the failure is based on the inability to provide the authentication between the end users during the quantum and classical channels. The proposed QKD protocol was designed to utilize some advantages of quantum physics as well as solid functions that are used in the classical cryptography. The authentication is a requirement during different communication channels, where both legitimate parties must confirm their identities before starting to submit data (plain-text). Moreover, the protocol uses most needed scenarios to finish the communication without leaking important data. These scenarios have been approved in existing QKD protocols either by classical or quantum systems. The matrix techniques also are used as a part of the preparation of the authentication key, where the end users communicate by an EPR (related to Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen theory in 1935) channel. The EPR channel will be supported by an entanglement of particles. If the EPR communication succeeded, transferring the converted plain-text is required. Finally, both end users will have an authenticated secret key, and the submission will be done without any interruption.