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Physics

Bose–Fermi Mapping in Hubbard Models at Imaginary Chemical Potential and Phase-Induced Fermionization

Evangelos Georgiou Filothodoros

Published Jul 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A formal thermodynamic mapping is established between the attractive Fermi–Hubbard model and the repulsive Bose–Hubbard model at finite temperature and at imaginary chemical potential μ=iθ. By utilizing a large N-expansion, it is shown that the partition functions of the two models are related by a plain shift θ→θ+π. This condition maps the BCS–BEC crossover of attractive fermions to a Bose–Fermi crossover (fermion-like occupation) of repulsive bosons. A central feature of this correspondence is the thermal kernel g(βE,ϕ) (with β the inverse absolute temperature, E the energy scale, and ϕ the phase angle), whose analytic continuation gB(βE,ϕ)=gF(βE,ϕ+π) governs the bosonic (B) and fermionic (F) sectors. Interestingly, the particular angles ϕ=2π/3 and 4π/3 for fermions correspond to ϕ=π/3 and 5π/3 for bosons, marking the boundaries of an universal thermal window. It is further argued that the present mechanism shows how an emergent, fermionization-like phenomenon can occur at finite interaction strength through a thermodynamic effect induced by the imaginary chemical potential. It is emphasized that this does not imply a transmutation of quantum statistics at the operator level, but rather a thermodynamic exclusion-like behavior driven by the imaginary chemical potential, unlike the Tonks–Girardeau limit, where fermionization arises from an infinite repulsive interaction and anyonic or Floquet-engineered systems where transmutation emerges from modified statistics or dynamics. Effectively, the phase ϕ is a statistical parameter; by twisting the thermal phase, it generates fermion-like behavior without hard-core constraints or infinite repulsion through purely thermodynamic mechanisms. The gap equation and number equation for the bosonic model are derived, highlighting the role of the imaginary chemical potential as a statistical regulator. The results obtained here provide a unified framework for understanding crossovers in interacting lattice systems.

DOI
10.3390/physics8030054

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A formal thermodynamic mapping is established between the attractive Fermi–Hubbard model and the repulsive Bose–Hubbard model at finite temperature and at imaginary chemical potential μ=iθ. By utilizing a large N-expansion, it is shown that the partition functions of the two models are related by a plain shift θ→θ+π. This condition maps the BCS–BEC crossover of attractive fermions to a Bose–Fermi crossover (fermion-like occupation) of repulsive bosons. A central feature of this correspondence is the thermal kernel g(βE,ϕ) (with β the inverse absolute temperature, E the energy scale, and ϕ the phase angle), whose analytic continuation gB(βE,ϕ)=gF(βE,ϕ+π) governs the bosonic (B) and fermionic (F) sectors. Interestingly, the particular angles ϕ=2π/3 and 4π/3 for fermions correspond to ϕ=π/3 and 5π/3 for bosons, marking the boundaries of an universal thermal window. It is further argued that the present mechanism shows how an emergent, fermionization-like phenomenon can occur at finite interaction strength through a thermodynamic effect induced by the imaginary chemical potential. It is emphasized that this does not imply a transmutation of quantum statistics at the operator level, but rather a thermodynamic exclusion-like behavior driven by the imaginary chemical potential, unlike the Tonks–Girardeau limit, where fermionization arises from an infinite repulsive interaction and anyonic or Floquet-engineered systems where transmutation emerges from modified statistics or dynamics. Effectively, the phase ϕ is a statistical parameter; by twisting the thermal phase, it generates fermion-like behavior without hard-core constraints or infinite repulsion through purely thermodynamic mechanisms. The gap equation and number equation for the bosonic model are derived, highlighting the role of the imaginary chemical potential as a statistical regulator. The results obtained here provide a unified framework for understanding crossovers in interacting lattice systems.
We find a mapping between the attractive Fermi-Hubbard model and the repulsive Bose-Hubbard model at finite temperature and at imaginary chemical potential μ=iθμ=iθμ=iθ. We show, by using a large NNN-expansion, that the partition functions of the two models are related by a simple shift θ→θ+πθ\to θ+ πθ→θ+π. This condition maps the BCS--BEC crossover of attractive fermions to a Bose--Fermi crossover (fermion-like occupation) of repulsive bosons. Central feature of this correspondence plays the thermal kernel g(βE,ϕ),g(βE,ϕ),g(βE,ϕ), whose analytic continuation gB(βE,ϕ)=gF(βE,ϕ+π)g_B(βE,ϕ) = g_F(βE,ϕ+π)gB​(βE,ϕ)=gF​(βE,ϕ+π) governs the bosonic and fermionic sectors. Interestingly, we are able to find that the special angles ϕ=2π/3,4π/3ϕ= 2π/3,4π/3ϕ=2π/3,4π/3 for fermions correspond to ϕ=π/3,5π/3ϕ= π/3,5π/3ϕ=π/3,5π/3 for bosons, marking the boundaries of a universal thermal window. We further argue that the present mechanism shows that fermionization can occur at finite interaction strength through a thermodynamic effect induced by the imaginary chemical potential. This suggests that it is a new way of fermionization (not a change in statistics but a fermion-like behaviour) unlike the Tonks--Girardeau limit, where fermionization arises from an infinite repulsive interaction and anyonic or Floquet-engineered systems where transmutation emerges from modified statistics or dynamics. Essentially, the phase ϕϕϕ is a statistical parameter; by twisting the thermal phase, it generates fermion-like behaviour without hard-core constraints or infinite repulsion but only by using thermodynamics. We derive the gap equation and number equation for the bosonic model, highlighting the role of the imaginary chemical potential as a statistical regulator. Our results provide a unified framework for understanding crossovers in interacting lattice systems.
Abstract The BCS–BEC crossover of the large N attractive Fermi–Hubbard model is studied on a one-dimensional lattice using the mean field approximation in the presence of an imaginary chemical potential. It is demonstrated that the crossover is governed by three parameters. The imaginary chemical potential i θ , the temperature via a thermal kernel g ( β E k , β θ ) and the parameter δ u whose sign controls the weak and strong coupling regimes. At the unitarity point ( U = U c ), a thermal window ϕ = β θ = 2 π / 3 , 4 π / 3 is identified where the gap vanishes while the fermion number N f , which quantifies the balance between particle-like and hole-like excitations, has a local maximum/minimum. Inside this thermal window BCS and BEC physics are awaiting changes in the coupling to be selected as the dominant regime. These results are expected to unveil a better understanding of pairing correlations in lattice many-body physics.
We study the BCS--BEC crossover of the large NNN attractive Fermi-Hubbard model on a one-dimensional lattice using the mean field approximation in the presence of an imaginary chemical potential. We show that the crossover is governed by three parameters. The imaginary chemical potential iθiθiθ, the temperature via a thermal kernel g(βEk,βθ)g(βE_k,βθ)g(βEk​,βθ) and the parameter δuδ_uδu​ whose sign controls the weak and strong coupling regimes. At the unitarity point (U=UcU=U_cU=Uc​), we find a thermal window ϕ=βθ=2π/3,4π/3ϕ=βθ=2π/3,4π/3ϕ=βθ=2π/3,4π/3 where the gap vanishes while the fermion number NfN_fNf​, which quantifies the balance between particle-like and hole-like excitations, has a local maximum/minimum. Inside this thermal window BCS and BEC physics are await changes in the coupling to be selected as the dominant regime. We expect that our results will unveil a better understanding of pairing correlations in lattice many-body physics.
Phase transitions are investigated in the Bose-Fermi-Hubbard model in the mean field and hard-core boson approximations for the case of infinitely small fermion transfer and repulsive on-site boson-fermion interaction.The behavior of the Bose-Einstein condensate order parameter and grand canonical potential is analyzed as functions of the chemical potential of bosons at zero temperature.The possibility of change of order of the phase transition to the superfluid phase in the regime of fixed values of the chemical potentials of Bose-and Fermi-particles is established.The relevant phase diagrams are built.
In this paper we address the behavior of the superfluid transition temperature Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ in the attractive Hubbard model. The attractive Hubbard model can be regarded as the generalization of the BCS to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) crossover to a lattice and, as such, may have implications for future optical lattice studies. Nevertheless, the BEC limit of the Hubbard model is very different from that of the better-studied Fermi gases, owing to the strong intersite repulsion between pairs. Here we address systematically the effects of pairing fluctuations for all filling fractions over the entire range of attractive interaction strength. A central conclusion of our work is that in a lattice, around half filling, the smooth evolution from the BCS to the BEC limits is interrupted: Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ vanishes when the system approaches the bosonic regime with increasing interaction strength. We suggest that this interruption of crossover may signal a quantum critical transition to another form of superfluid not continuously connected to a BCS-like phase. A simple variational ansatz for an alternate ground state in this more strongly coupled superfluid is presented. A generalization of the (sss-wave) Hubbard model to ddd-wave pairing allows us to address issues of relevance to high-Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ superconductivity. The phase diagram (representing the pairing or pseudogap onset temperature T∗{T}^{*}T∗ and Tc{T}_{c}Tc​) shows that here too one observes a vanishing of Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ when T∗{T}^{*}T∗ becomes sufficiently large. Given this predicted breakdown of the crossover, and given the striking similarity to features of the cuprate phase diagram, we suggest that future experiments on ultracold fermions in optical lattices should not be exclusively limited to the repulsive Hubbard model, but should address the attractive model in order to elucidate features of high-temperature superconductivity.
The phase transitions in the Bose-Fermi-Hubbard model are investigated.The boson Green's function is calculated in the random phase approximation (RPA) and the formalism of the Hubbard operators is used.The regions of existence of the superfluid and Mott insulator phases are established and the (µ, t) (the boson chemical potential vs. hopping parameter) phase diagrams are built at different values of boson-fermion interaction constant (in the regimes of fixed chemical potential or fixed concentration of fermions).The effect of temperature change on this transition is analyzed and the phase diagrams in the (T, µ) plane are constructed.The role of thermal activation of the ion hopping is investigated by taking into account the temperature dependence of the transfer parameter.The reconstruction of the Mott-insulator lobes due to this effect is analyzed.